Galileo
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Galileo’s Childhood.
4 伽利略的童年.
5 The Student.
5"学生".
6 The Professor.
6 该教授。
8 The Astronomer.
8 天文学家.
9 In Trouble with the Church.
9 在与教会的麻烦。
12 Science After Galileo.
12 科学后伽利略。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 MEDITERRANEAN SEA Italy Sicily France Switzerland Austria Sardinia Pisa Rome MEDITERRANEAN SEA Spain Germany France England Italy Rome ATLANTIC OCEAN 0 100miles kilometers Corsica Introduction What do music, a chandelier, and the planet Venus have in common?
16 地中海 意大利 西西里 法国 瑞士 奥地利 撒丁岛 比萨罗马 地中海 意大利 意大利 罗马 大西洋0 100公里 科西嘉简介 音乐、吊灯和金星星球有什么共同点?
They each played a part in the discoveries of one of history’s greatest scientists, a man who lived five hundred years ago.
他们都扮演了历史最伟大的科学家之一 五百年前的人类的发现。
That man was Galileo Galilei.
那个人是伽利略·加利莱
Galileo was born in Italy in 1564 during the Italian Renaissance.
伽利略生于意大利文艺复兴时期的1564年.
The Renaissance was a time of excitement and discovery.
文艺复兴时期是兴奋和发现的时期.
Painters, writers, mathematicians, musicians, builders, and scientists all developed new ideas during the Renaissance.
画家,作家,数学家,音乐家,建筑家,和科学家都在文艺复兴时期发展出新的思想.
Galileo was what we now call a “Renaissance man,” an expert in several subjects at once.
伽利略是我们现在所称的“侦察者”,是数个学科的专家。
He used ideas from many areas to make scientific discoveries.
他利用许多领域的想法来做出科学发现.
Even more importantly, though, Galileo was good at asking questions.
更重要的是,伽利略很擅长问问题。
Though this habit eventually got him in trouble, Galileo’s questions would change the way we understand the world.
虽然这种习惯最终让他陷入了困境,但伽利略的问题会改变我们了解世界的方式.
Galileo’s Childhood Galileo was the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and composer.
伽利略的童年伽利略是音乐家和作曲家文森佐·加利莱的儿子.
Vincenzo was curious about how music worked.
Vincenzo对音乐是如何工作的好奇.
He taught young Galileo to be curious, too.
他教年轻的伽利略也好奇.
Galileo would remain curious all his life.
伽利略一生都会感到好奇
He looked closely at everything, recorded what he saw, and tried to explain what he had recorded.
他仔细观察了一切,记录了所见所闻,并试图解释他所记录的.
The Student As a young man, Galileo became fascinated with math and physics—the scientific study of matter, energy, and motion.
学生 作为一个年轻人,伽利略开始迷上数学和物理学——物质、能量和运动的科学研究。
In fact, he made one of his first major discoveries in physics a year before he entered university.
事实上,他在进入大学前一年就做了他最早的物理学大发现之一.
On a windy day in 1582, Galileo went to church.
1582年风起云涌的日子,伽利略去教堂.
The church had a large chandelier hanging from the ceiling.
教堂有一个从天花板上吊起的大吊灯.
Galileo noticed that the wind outside was making the chandelier swing back and forth.
伽利略注意到外面的风正在使吊灯回旋.
Sometimes the chandelier swung only a few inches from side to side.
有时吊灯从一旁向一旁翻来翻去只有几英寸.
Sometimes the movement was much larger—as much as a few feet from side to side.
有时,运动要大得多,甚至要从一旁走几英尺。
But Galileo noticed something strange.
但是伽利略注意到一些奇怪的东西.
Although some swings were much wider than others, every swing took exactly the same amount of time.
虽然有些摇摆比其他摆摆要大得多,但每次摇摆的时间都完全一样.
By watching the chandelier, Galileo discovered that a weight that swings back and forth can keep time.
通过观看吊灯,伽利略发现回旋回旋的重量可以保持时间.
Later, he designed the first clock that used a swinging weight.
后来他设计出第一个使用摇摆重量的钟.
Clocks like his are still in use today.
像他这样的时钟今天仍在使用.
Despite his early achievements in math and physics, Galileo did not study math when he first entered the University of Pisa in 1583.
尽管他早期在数学和物理学上取得了成就,但伽利略在1583年刚入读比萨大学时并没有学习数学.
His father urged Galileo to become a doctor instead.
他的父亲敦促伽利略转而成为一名医生.
Galileo’s medical studies never fascinated him as much as math and physics, though.
不过,伽利略的医学研究从未像数学和物理学那样吸引他。
In fact, he never finished his degree; he left university in 1585 because of money problems.
事实上,他从未完成学位;他于1585年因资金问题而离开大学.
For the next four years, Galileo worked as a math tutor, but he would not stay away from the university for long.
在接下来的四年里,伽利略担任了数学导师,但他不会长期远离大学.
Grandfather clocks such as this one still use pendulums to keep time.
爷爷的钟,像这个一样的钟 仍然使用倒数计时。
The Professor In 1589, Galileo returned to the University of Pisa to teach mathematics.
1589年,伽利略回到比萨大学教授数学.
Shortly afterward, he was invited to teach math in Padua.
不久后被邀请到帕杜阿教数学.
He remained in Padua for the next eighteen years.
他在接下来的18年中一直留在了帕杜瓦.
Throughout his teaching career, Galileo continued to test his ideas.
在整个执教生涯中,伽利略继续测试他的想法.
He was interested in gravity and conducted several experiments with falling objects.
他对地心引力很感兴趣,并对落地物体进行了几次实验.
In the process, he proved that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter ones.
在此过程中,他证明了重物以和较轻的同速下降.
However, the discoveries that would make him famous were still to come.
然而,能够使他出名的发现仍会来.
Galileo’s biggest discoveries happened when he began to study the sky.
伽利略最大的发现发生在他开始研究天空的时候.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
There is a famous story about one of Galileo’s experiments.
关于伽利略的实验有一个出名的故事。
When he was a young professor, the story goes, he dropped two cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
当他还是一位年轻的教授时,故事开始,他从比萨的"取出""取出""取出""取出""取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"取出"出"取出"出"出"出"取出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"
One cannonball was much heavier than the other, but they fell at the same speed.
一枚炮弹比另一枚重得多,但它们以同样的速度下降.
Today, it’s not certain whether Galileo actually tossed cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa as part of his experiments with gravity.
今天,还不能确定伽利略是否真的从比萨灵塔抛出炮弹,作为他重力实验的一部分。
The Astronomer In 1609, Galileo heard about a “spyglass” invented in the Netherlands.
1609年,伽利略听说荷兰发明了"镜".
When a person gazed through the spyglass, faraway objects looked much closer.
远处的物体看起来更近
Galileo had never seen a spyglass, but he figured out how to build one.
伽利略从未见过一副间谍眼镜,但他想出了如何建造一副.
He then made improvements on his original design.
随后他对其原设计进行了改进.
Soon he was able to make distant objects look thirty times bigger.
很快他就能使远处物体看起来大30倍.
He had built a telescope, in other words.
换句话说,他建造了望远镜。
In a fateful decision, he began to use his telescope to study the heavens.
在一场命中注定的决定中,他开始用望远镜来研究天.
Galileo’s telescope changed his life, and astronomy, forever.
伽利略的望远镜改变了他的生活, 天文学,永远。
Galileo examined the solar system and made discovery after discovery.
伽利略检查了太阳系,并在发现后进行了发现.
He was the first European to observe sunspots.
他是第一个观察太阳点的欧洲人.
He discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons.
他发现了木星的四颗最大的月球.
He was also the first person to observe that Venus appears to change shape, just as the Moon does.
他也是第一个观察到金星看起来像月球一样会改变形状的人.
Venus has a full phase, a new phase, and crescent phases.
金星有一个完整的阶段,一个新的阶段,和再现阶段.
Galileo published some of these discoveries in 1610 in a book called The Starry Messenger.
伽利略于1610年在"星际使者"一书中发表了其中一些发现.
The book made Galileo famous—but fame had a price.
这本书使伽利略出名——但名声是有代价的。
Galileo sketched the surface of the Moon (left) as he saw it through his telescope in 1610.
伽利略于1610年通过望远镜对月球表面(左)进行了描绘.
NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) sent a probe named after Galileo to the Moon in 1992.
NASA(美国国家航空航天局)于1992年向月球发送了以伽利略命名的探测器.
The probe made a detailed scan of the Moon’s surface (right) that clearly shows many of the same features Galileo noticed hundreds of years earlier.
探测器对月球表面进行了详细的扫描(右侧),清楚地显示了数百年前伽利略注意到的许多相同的特征.
Sun full new crescent Earth crescent During Galileo’s time, many people believed that Earth was the center of our solar system and that the other planets and the Sun moved around Earth.
在伽利略时代,许多人认为地球是太阳系的中心,其他行星和太阳环绕地球移动。
They thought that planets such as Venus moved in small circles as they made a big circle around Earth.
他们认为金星等行星在环绕地球形成一个大圆圈时会以小圆圈移动.
This would mean that Venus would only appear as a crescent shape in the night sky when seen from Earth.
这意味着金星只有在从地球看到夜空时才会以月亮外形出现.
Galileo saw through his telescope that Venus had many different shapes when seen from Earth.
伽利略通过望远镜看到从地球看到金星时有许多不同的形状.
These changing shapes suggested that Venus and Earth were both moving around the Sun.
这些变化中的形状表明,金星和地球都在围绕太阳运动.
Sun new new crescent Venus Earth crescent Sun’s orbit of Earth Venus’s orbit of Earth nearly full nearly full half half In Trouble with the Church Galileo’s discoveries about the solar system got him in a lot of trouble.
太阳的新月亮 地星的新月亮 地星的轨道 地星的轨道 地球的轨道 近一半的轨道 在教会伽利略发现太阳系的麻烦中,他陷入了很大的麻烦.
The Catholic Church did not like his ideas about the solar system.
天主教会不喜欢他关于太阳系的想法.
Why did his discoveries upset them so much?
他的发现为何让他们心烦意乱?
The answer lies in the religious beliefs of the time.
答案在于当时的宗教信仰.
For centuries, the Church had taught that the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all moved around Earth.
几个世纪以来,教会一直教导太阳、月亮、行星和恒星都环绕地球移动。
But the way that Venus changed shape was a big clue that it and the other planets in our solar system moved around the Sun instead.
但金星改变形状的方式 是一个大线索, 它和太阳系中的其他行星 绕着太阳移动。
Galileo was not the first person to come up with this idea.
伽利略不是第一个提出这个想法的人.
However, his discoveries were the best proof yet that Earth was not the center of our solar system.
然而,他的发现是最佳的证明 地球不是我们太阳系的中心
Galileo published writings about his discoveries that angered the Church.
伽利略发表文章,讲述他激怒教会的发现.
During the Renaissance, the Church had the power to punish people for unacceptable beliefs.
在文艺复兴时期,教会有权力以不可接受的信仰来惩罚人.
Galileo had dared to insist that the Church was wrong, and in 1633 the Church put him on trial.
伽利略曾大胆地坚持教会是错误的,1633年教会将他交付审判.
At the trial, he was found guilty and threatened with death.
在审判中,他被判定有罪并被威胁要被处死.
Galileo was forced to say that his earlier discoveries had been lies, even though they were accurate.
伽利略被迫说出他之前的发现是谎言,尽管这些发现是准确的.
For the rest of his life, he was not allowed to leave his home.
平生不得出家.
He was also forbidden to publish.
他也被禁止出版.
Galileo continued to write about his discoveries, however.
然而伽利略继续写下他的发现.
He even managed to publish, despite the Church ordering him not to.
他甚至得以出版,尽管教会命令他不要出版.
He published Two New Sciences in 1638.
1638年他出版了"两个新科学".
It was his final publication.
这是他最后的作品。
At that point, Galileo had become blind.
这时,伽利略已经失明了.
Galileo’s health continued to fail.
伽利略的健康状况仍然不佳。
He died in 1642 of natural causes.
1642年因自然原因去世.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A popular, but unproven, story says that Galileo “talked back” to the judges at his trial.
一个很受欢迎但未经证实的故事说,伽利略在审判时“回到”法官面前。
The legend claims that he murmured, “And yet it moves” under his breath after he was forced to say that Earth did not move around the Sun.
这个传说声称,他在被迫说地球没有绕太阳运动之后,在呼吸下“然而它却在移动”。
This story is not included in the records of the trial and is probably not true.
这个故事没有包括在审判记录中,而且可能不是真的.
However, the words “and yet it moves” have become very famous; people quote them to this day.
然而,“然而它却移动了”这些词已经变得非常出名;人们引用这些词至今。
Science After Galileo We now know that Galileo was right: Earth moves around the Sun.
伽利略之后的科学 我们现在知道伽利略是对的:地球围绕太阳运动。
Galileo’s gift for asking important questions helped him make some of the greatest discoveries of his time.
伽利略提出重要问题的天赋帮助他做了一些他时代最伟大的发现.
Scientists are still following many of Galileo’s ideas.
科学家们仍在追随伽利略的许多想法.
For example, he was the first to say that laws of nature could be described using math.
例如,他第一个说自然规律可以用数学来描述.
He was also one of the first scientists to insist on using measurable data in his experiments.
他也是最早坚持在他的实验中使用可测量数据的科学家之一.
By doing so, he made it easier for other scientists to test his ideas.
通过这样做,他让其他科学家更容易测试他的想法.
Galileo set an important example for many scientists who followed him, including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.
伽利略为跟随他的许多科学家树立了重要榜样,包括艾萨克·牛顿和阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦.
Today, we call him the father of modern science.
今天,我们称他为现代科学之父。
Science and the Catholic Church In 1757, the Catholic Church removed Galileo’s book from a list of banned books.
科学和天主教会 1757年,天主教会将伽利略的书从被禁书列表中移除.
In 1992, the Church formally cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing.
1992年,教会正式洗清了伽利略的任何不当行为.
The modern Church accepts proven scientific facts and has supported scientific research for centuries.
现代教会接受已证实的科学事实,并一直支持了几个世纪的科学研究.
Glossary accurate (adj.)
词汇准确(adj.)
correct or exact; precise (p.
准确或准确;精确(p.
13) astronomy (n.)
13) 天文学 (n.
a field of science involving the study of the stars, planets, comets, and other things found in space (p.
研究在空间发现的恒星,行星,彗星等事物的科学领域(p.
9) chandelier (n.)
9) 吊灯 (n.
a fancy light fixture that hangs from the ceiling, often with branches for holding lights (p.
从天花板上吊起的花式灯具,常有树枝用于牵取灯光(p.
4) gravity (n.)
4)重力(n.
the natural force that tends to pull objects toward each other, such as objects being pulled toward the center of Earth (p.
倾向于将物体拉向对方的自然力,例如被拉向地球中心的物体(p.
8) laws of nature (n.)
8) 自然法 (n.
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
Earth (p.
地球 (p.
10) published (v.)
10)出版 (五.
made writing available to the public (p.
向公众提供书面资料(p.
10) solar system (n.)
10) 太阳系 (n.