Code Talkers
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Philip Johnston’s Bright Idea.
4 菲利普·约翰斯顿的"明亮思想".
5 Mysterious Messages.
5"神秘传".
7 Why Navajo?
为什么是纳瓦霍?
9 Communicating in Code.
9 以法典进行交流。
10 Unsung Heroes.
10 吴星英雄.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Introduction The date is February 19, 1945.
导言 日期为1945年2月19日.
A group of U.
一组U.
S.
师曰.
Marines jumps from a landing craft.
海军陆战队从登陆艇上跳出
They struggle through the surf to the beach of Iwo Jima island in the Pacific Ocean, not far from Japan.
他们通过冲浪挣扎到太平洋上硫磺岛的海滩上,距离日本不远.
The marines are greeted by a hail of gunfire from Japanese forces.
海军陆战队受到来自日军的枪声的欢迎.
Unsure of what to do or where to go, the group’s leader radioes his commander.
不知该做什么,也不知道该去哪里,该团体的领导人对指挥官进行广播。
All will be lost if the enemy learns of the group’s plans, but the marines have a secret weapon.
如果敌人知道这个集团的计划,但海军陆战队拥有秘密武器,那么所有武器都将被摧毁。
They have a team of Navajo (NA- vuh-hoh) radiomen trained to transmit messages in a code no one else can understand.
他们有一个纳瓦霍(NA-vuh-hoh)的无线电员团队,训练他们用别人无法理解的代码传送消息.
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
troops unload supplies at Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945.
1945年2月19日部队在硫磺岛卸货
Philip Johnston’s Bright Idea In 1942, World War II was raging across the globe.
菲利普·约翰斯顿的"明亮思想"在1942年,二战在全球肆虐.
Many nations, including the United States, had been swept into battle.
包括美国在内的许多国家被卷入了战场。
Communication was vital to keeping troops safe and ready to do battle.
通信对于保障部队安全以及做好战斗准备至关重要。
However, the U.
然而,U.
S.
师曰.
military had a serious problem.
军方有一个严重的问题。
The enemy was getting hold of coded messages sent between units and decoding them.
敌人正在收到各单位之间发送的密码信息并解码.
The Japanese were especially good at breaking U.
日本人特别擅长突破U.
S.
师曰.
codes.
密码
In some cases, this led to many American casualties.
在某些情况下,这导致许多美国人伤亡.
Newspaper stories about the American military’s radio code struggles caught the attention of Philip Johnston.
美国军方的无线电密码斗争引起了菲利普·约翰斯顿的注意。
Johnston had lived on the Navajo Indian reservation as a child and learned the Navajo language.
约翰斯顿从小就生活在纳瓦霍印第安人保留地并学习了纳瓦霍语.
He knew that few people outside of the tribe understood Navajo.
他知道部落外很少有人理解纳瓦霍.
He also knew that Navajo was a “hidden language,” meaning it was only spoken and had no written symbols.
他还知道,纳瓦霍语是一种“隐蔽语言”,意思是它只讲口语,没有书面符号。
These features made it perfect for top-secret messages.
这些特征使得它非常适合绝密消息.
Johnston contacted the military about using a code based on Navajo.
约翰斯顿就使用以纳瓦霍为基础的代码一事与军方联系.
They agreed to a test.
他们同意测试。
If Johnston could show that using Navajo was a fast and secure way to transmit messages, the U.
如果约翰斯顿能够证明使用纳瓦霍是传送消息的快速而安全的方法,那么U.
S.
师曰.
military would try it.
军方会尝试的
Philip Johnston (center) in 1904 at around age twelve.
菲利普·约翰斯顿(英语:Philip Johnston (center))于1904年12岁左右.
Johnston moved to the Navajo reservation with his family in 1896.
1896年约翰斯顿随家人搬到了纳瓦霍保留地.
Philip Johnston in 1944 Arizona New Mexico Flagstaff Albuquerque Las Vegas United States Nevada Utah Colorado The Navajo Nation: Apart and a Part of the United States The Navajo Nation is the largest Indian reservation in the United States—it’s about the size of West Virginia.
菲利普·约翰斯顿 1944年 亚利桑那州 新墨西哥州 阿尔布克尔克·拉斯维加斯 美国内华达州 犹他州 科罗拉多州 纳瓦霍民族(Navajo Nation: Apart and a part of the United States) 纳瓦霍民族(The Navajo Nation)是美国最大的印第安人保留地,
Its territory surrounds the smaller Hopi Indian Reservation.
其地盘包围了较小的霍皮印第安人保留地.
Mysterious Messages Sending hidden messages dates back to ancient times.
有神秘的信息发送隐藏的信息可以追溯到古代.
Early methods used steganography, a way of hiding or disguising a message.
早期的方法使用"素描",一种隐藏或掩饰信息的方式.
Only the sender and the recipient knew how the message was hidden.
只有发送者和接收者知道消息是如何被隐藏的.
Sometimes messages were hidden with invisible ink, which seems to disappear once it is applied.
有时信息会被隐入隐形墨水中,一旦被应用,信息似乎会消失.
Later, heat or chemicals would make the ink visible—and the message clear.
后来,热能或化学物质会让墨水清晰可见,
Other steganographic methods were more unusual.
其他的素描方法更是不寻常。
One used by ancient Greeks involved shaving a messenger’s head, tattooing words there, and then waiting for his hair to grow back and cover the message.
古希腊人使用的一个方法包括剃去信使的头,在那里纹出文字,然后等他的头发长回并覆盖信息.
The messenger then traveled to the recipient, who would shave his head to read the message!
信使随后前往收信人,将剃去头去读信!
Most modern coding systems use cryptographic methods.
大多数现代编码系统使用密码学方法.
With these methods, the message itself is not hidden, but its meaning is.
通过这些方法,信息本身并不被隐藏,但其含义是.
Even if the message falls into the wrong hands, the reader must know the code in order to understand it.
即使信息落入了坏人手中,读者也必须知道代码才能理解.
At the start of World War II, American military cryptographers constantly changed coding techniques.
二战开始时,美国军事密码学家不断改变编码技术.
They even tried using coded American slang, but over and over, their efforts failed.
他们甚至尝试使用密码化的美国口语,但一次又一次的努力失败了.
Many Japanese students had studied in the United States and knew American English.
许多日本学生曾在美国留学并通晓美国英语.
The Japanese code breakers cracked messages almost as quickly as the Americans transmitted them.
日本的密码破解器 破解消息几乎和美国人传送的一样快
Cipher Text How does cryptography work?
密码文本 密码学是怎么工作的?
Here are two different ways to encode the message “Send help now.”
这里有两种不同的方式来编码“现在发送帮助”。 “
Swapping: A method called the Caesar Cipher involves swapping out each letter in the message for another.
抖音:一种叫"凯撒密码"的方法,涉及将消息中每个字母换成另一个.
Used by the ancient Roman emperor Julius Caesar, it involves swapping letters by simply shifting the alphabet.
被古罗马皇帝尤利乌斯·凯撒所使用,它涉及通过简单地转换字母表来交换字母.
Here, each letter will shift three letters to the left.
在这里,每个字母会将三个字母向左移动.
“Send help now” becomes “PBKA EBIM KLT.”
“现在提供帮助”改为“PBKA EBIM KLT”。 “
Scrambling: Another method of coding a message involves scrambling the letters.
S: 另一种对消息进行编码的方法涉及对信件进行拼接.
An example is the Rail Fence Cipher.
铁路栅栏塞弗就是一个例子。
The message is encoded by writing the letters of each word on two or more lines, then putting the lines together.
消息通过将每个单词的字母写入两行或多行来编码,再将行组合起来.
“Send help now” becomes “SNEPNW EDHLO.”
“现在提供帮助”改为“SNEPNW EDHLO”。 “
Why Navajo?
为什么是纳瓦霍?
The idea of using a Native American language was not new.
使用美国原住民语言的想法并不新鲜.
During World War I, the United States had used several Native American languages to successfully transmit messages.
在一战期间,美国曾使用多種美洲原住民语言来成功传递消息.
So why not use those same codes during World War II?
二战期间为什么不使用同样的代码呢?
The reason is that after World War I, both Germany and Japan caught on.
原因是一战后,德国和日本都陷入困境.
They sent students to the United States to learn about the different Native American languages.
他们派学生去美国学习不同的美洲原住民语言.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
German or Japanese—would have had a hard time learning Navajo.
德文或日文本会很难学纳瓦霍
It belonged to a different family of languages than many other Native American languages.
它与许多其他美洲原住民语言相比属于不同的语言家族.
At the time, little had been written about Navajo.
当时关于纳瓦霍的记载很少.
The marines had confidence that no one outside the country would understand the Navajo code.
海军陆战队有信心,认为境外无人能理解"纳瓦霍法典".
Communicating in Code Johnston lined up twenty-nine Navajo men.
在法典约翰斯顿的交流中排出29个纳瓦霍人.
These soldiers worked with the Field Signal School to come up with a system for coding messages that was based on their language.
这些士兵与战地信号学校合作,想出一个基于他们语言的编码信息系统.
The coding system had two parts.
编码系统有两个部分。
The first part used the Navajo translation of English words to stand for letters.
第一部分使用英语单词的纳瓦霍语翻译来代表字母.
For example, the Navajo word for “bear” is shush, so the word shush was used for the letter B.
例如,"熊"的纳瓦霍词是shush,所以shush一词用于字母B.
Two Navajo soldiers send orders over a field radio using the Navajo code.
两名纳瓦霍士兵用纳瓦霍密码通过一个野战电台发出命令.
In some cases, the soldiers already knew each other from living on the same reservation.
在某些情况下,士兵们从住在同一个保留地上就已经认识了。
These two were cousins.
这两位是堂兄弟.
The second part of the system gave new military meanings to a list of 211 Navajo words.
系统的第二部分为211个纳瓦霍词列表提供了新的军事含义.
Those Navajo words were often based on the appearance or job of what each one described.
那些纳瓦霍语常常是基于每个词的外表或工作。
For example, owl was used for “observation plane.”
例如,猫头鹰被用于“观测平面”。 “
The Navajo word for shark meant “destroyer,” a type of warship.
纳瓦霍鲨鱼一词意为"德斯特罗耶"(destroyer),是一种军舰.
A “submarine” was called an iron fish.
一种叫作"潜"的"铁鱼".
Navajo people were trained from an early age to listen to and learn the stories of their people.
纳瓦霍人从小接受训练,倾听并学习自己人的故事.
They not only had great memories, they were also exceptional listeners.
他们不仅有美好的回忆,而且是非凡的听众。
The Navajo soldiers had no problem learning the new code.
纳瓦霍士兵了解新法典没有问题.
After a brief training period, Johnston’s plan was ready to be tested.
经过短暂的训练期后,约翰斯通的计划准备接受测试.
The signal corps did time trials to test how quickly and correctly the Navajo soldiers could transmit radio messages.
信号队进行了时间试验,以测试纳瓦霍士兵能够传送无线电信息的速度和正确性。
The results were amazing.
结果是惊人的。
The code talkers could do in seconds what other coders needed half an hour to do!
密码员可以马上做其他密码员需要半小时做的事!
Navajo code talkers Henry Blake Jr.
纳瓦霍密码员 小亨利·布莱克.
(left) and George Kirk operate a radio in December 1943 in the dense jungle of Bougainville, a group of islands northeast of Australia.
(左)和乔治·柯克于1943年12月在位于澳大利亚东北一带的布干维尔茂密的丛林中操作收音机.
The Navajo Code Talkers’ Dictionary Alphabet Code Letter Navajo Word Navajo Meaning A wol-la-chee ant B shush bear C moasi cat D be deer E dzeh elk F tsa-e-donin-ee fly Common Words Word Navajo Word Navajo Meaning squad debeh-li-zini black sheep commanding officer hash-kay-gi-na-tah war chief dive bomber gini chicken hawk battleship lo-tso whale bombs a-ye-shi eggs You can see how confusing this must have been to the enemy!
纳瓦霍代码 说客名词典 字母代号 字母 纳瓦霍词 纳瓦霍含义 一只小蚂蚁 B sush B熊 C maasi Cat D beer E dzeh elk F tsa-e-donin-ee fly common Words Word Navajo Word Navajo neguing squad debeh-li-zini 黑羊指挥官 hash-kay-gi-na-tah 战争首席俯冲轰炸机 Gini 鸡鹰战舰 lo-tso 鲸鱼炸弹 a-ye-shi eo卵 你可以看到这对敌人来说有多混乱!
Unsung Heroes The Navajo code talkers played an important role in several battles fought in the Pacific during World War II.
无名英雄 纳瓦霍密码谈话者在二战期间太平洋战役的多起战斗中发挥了重要作用.
The Japanese could not make sense of the code.
日本人无法理解密码
Even after Japan surrendered to the United States on September 2, 1945, the code remained a government secret.
即使在1945年9月2日日本向美国投降后,密码仍为政府机密.
The code talkers could not talk about their experiences.
密码谈话者不能谈论他们的经历。
They remained silent for years.
他们多年来一直保持沉默。
Despite the code talkers’ loyalty and patriotism, they returned to hard lives after the war.
尽管密码谈话者的忠诚和爱国心,战后他们还是回到了艰难的生活.
Jobs were tough to find for many former soldiers, and Native Americans often faced discrimination.
许多前士兵很难找到工作,美洲原住民往往面临歧视。
Navajo and other tribes in Arizona and New Mexico could not vote until 1948.
纳瓦霍和亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州的其他部落直到1948年才能投票.
Those in Utah could not vote until 1957.
犹他州的选民直到1957年才能投票。
A Vote = A Voice Until 1965, individual states were able to use various methods to keep Native Americans and other groups from voting.
A票=声音 直到1965年,各个州都能够使用各种方法来阻止美洲原住民和其他群体投票.
The Voting Rights Act outlawed all of that, making it possible for them to actually exercise their right to vote.
表决权 法案宣布所有这一切为非法,使他们有可能实际行使投票权。
The military quickly adopted the code and began training more code talkers.
军方迅速采纳了该代码,并开始培训更多的代码谈话者.
Many Navajo men were eager to serve.
许多纳瓦霍人渴望服役.
All in all, more than four hundred Navajo code talkers served brilliantly in the Pacific.
总而言之,400多名纳瓦霍密码谈话者在太平洋出色地服务。
During one of the biggest battles of the war, the Battle of Iwo Jima, six code talkers sent and received more than eight hundred messages in the heat of combat without a single error.
在这场战争中最大的战役之一"硫磺岛之战"中,有6名密码谈话者在战火中发出并收到了800多条信息,没有一次出错.
One of those code talkers, Keith Little, described his contribution to the battle: “My weapon was my language, and that language probably saved countless lives.”
其中一位密码谈话家Keith Little描述了他对这场战斗的贡献: “我的武器是我的语言,该语言可能拯救了无数人的生命。 “
Keith Little speaks at a 2009 book signing with fellow Navajo code talkers.
Keith Little在2009年与纳瓦霍兄弟的 密码谈话者签署书时发言.
Little died in 2012 at age 87.
Little于2012年去世,享年87岁.
Finally, in 1968, the secrecy around the code talker program ended.
最后,1968年,围绕密码谈话者程序的秘密结束.
Then the world learned about the amazing contributions of these men.
之后世界得知了这些人的惊人贡献.
In 2000, President Clinton signed a law awarding medals to the twenty-nine original Navajo code talkers.
2000年,克林顿总统签署一项法律,授予29名原著"纳瓦霍密码谈话者"勋章.
The unusual Navajo language and the code talkers who spoke it led to the success of the code.
不寻常的纳瓦霍语和说话的代码谈话者导致了代码的成功.
To this day, it is the only spoken military code that has never been broken.
直到今天,这是唯一一个从未被打破的口头军事守则。
Glossary breaking (v.)
词汇断开(v.)
solving or figuring out (p.
解析或解析(p.
5) casualties (n.)
5) 伤亡 (n.
people wounded, killed, or missing during a war, accident, or disaster (p.
在战争、事故或灾难中受伤、死亡或失踪的人(p.
5) code talkers (n.)
5) 密码谈话者 (n.
Native American soldiers who used their native language as a code during World Wars I and II (p.
在一战和二战期间使用自己母语作为代码的美国原住民士兵(p.
12) cryptographic of or relating to the use of a (adj.)
12) 使用a(adj.)的密码或与之有关的密码。
cipher or code for the reading or writing of secret messages (p.
读取或写出秘密信息的密码或代码(p.
7) discrimination the unfair treatment of a person (n.)
7)歧视一个人的不公平待遇(n.
or group based on gender, race, age, religion, or other differences (p.
或基于性别、种族、年龄、宗教或其他差异的团体(p.
14) Navajo (n.)
14) 纳瓦霍 (n.
a member of a Native American people in the Southwest; the language of these people (p.
西南地区美洲原住民成员;这些人的语言(p.
4) reservation (n.)
4) 保留(不详)
land set aside by the U.
被美国占领的土地
S.
师曰.
President George W.
乔治·W.
Bush shakes hands with John Brown Jr.
布什与小约翰·布朗握手.
at the Navajo Code Talkers Congressional Gold Medal ceremony in 2001.
在2001年的纳瓦霍法典演讲者国会金质奖章仪式上.