Bites and Stings
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Life-Threatening Bites and Stings.
4 生命威胁 Bites和 Stings.
5 Non-Life-Threatening Bites and Stings.
5,"非生命-威胁"Bites和Stings.
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
17 Glossary.
17 词汇表。
19 Index.
19 指数。
20 Introduction A two-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room with a red mark on her leg.
导言 一个两岁的女孩被带入急诊室,腿上印有红色标记.
She’s too young to explain to anyone what happened to her.
她还年轻,
Her parents believe some kind of animal bit or stung her.
她的父母相信某种动物 咬她。
How does an emergency room doctor identify the culprit that caused her injury?
急诊室医生如何识别造成她受伤的罪犯?
Jude Mc Nally is the managing director of the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center in Tucson, Arizona.
朱德·麦克·纳利是亚利桑那州图克森的亚利桑那毒药信息中心总经理.
He studies things that are poisonous or harmful to our bodies.
他研究一些对我们身体有害的东西
Let’s talk with Jude to learn about bites and stings in the desert.
让我们和裘德谈谈,
Jude Mc Nally uses this tarantula to teach people about spider behavior.
朱德·麦克·纳利用这只狼来教人蜘蛛行为.
Life-Threatening Bites and Stings Interviewer: What happens first when a patient such as this young girl is brought to the emergency room?
生命被威胁的Bites和Stings访谈者: 这个年轻姑娘这样的病人 被送进急诊室会怎样?
Jude: Doctors look for symptoms of life- threatening bites and stings.
朱德:医生寻找生命威胁被咬和被刺的症状.
They’re looking for symptoms caused by four possible culprits: black widow spiders, scorpions, insects that fly and sting, and rattlesnakes.
他们正在寻找四个可能的罪魁祸首造成的症状:黑寡妇蜘蛛、蝎子、会飞和被刺的昆虫和响尾蛇。
Interviewer: What do doctors look for in the case of black widows?
采访者: 对于黑人寡妇,医生会找什么?
Jude: Even though all spiders produce venom, most of them can’t get that venom into people.
Jude:尽管所有的蜘蛛都产生毒液,
But the black widow spider—especially the female black widow—can inject venom when it bites.
但是黑寡妇蜘蛛——特别是雌性黑寡妇——可以被咬后注射毒液.
Black widows cause a burning, stinging pain at the site of the bite.
黑寡妇在被咬的原地会发烧出刺痛.
There’s not much swelling, and you can’t see major puncture wounds.
肿胀不多,
Muscle cramping begins, usually in the area of the sting, and it’s especially bad in small children.
肌肉抽筋开始, 通常发生在被刺的地方,
A child will get muscle cramping all over his or her body.
小孩会全身抽筋
Sometimes the belly looks stiff like a board, and sometimes breathing becomes difficult.
有时肚子会像板子一样僵硬,有时呼吸会变得困难.
Children can also get puffy eyes.
孩子们也会被吓到
We rule out black widow spider bites when there isn’t any muscle cramping.
我们排除黑寡妇蜘蛛被咬,
Black widow bites cause muscle cramps.
黑寡妇被咬会导致肌肉抽筋.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Black widow spiders are not affected by many insecticides, which are chemicals used to kill insects.
黑寡妇蜘蛛不受许多杀虫剂的影响,这些杀虫剂是用来杀死昆虫的化学品.
Remember—spiders are arachnids, not insects.
记住 蜘蛛是虫子 不是昆虫
Interviewer: What symptoms would you see in the case of scorpion stings?
采访者: 在蝎子被刺的情况下你会看到什么症状?
Jude: We have over thirty different kinds of scorpions in Arizona, and only the bark scorpion can be life threatening.
朱德:亚利桑那州有超过30种不同的蝎子,只有树皮蝎子可以威胁生命.
A two-year-old child stung by a bark scorpion will be restless and won’t be able to sit still.
一个两岁的小孩被树皮蝎子刺死,
We’ll often see muscle twitching, especially around the mouth.
我们经常看到肌肉抽搐,
Another obvious symptom is roving eye syndrome—not being able to focus the eyes.
另一个明显的症状是流眼球综合症——无法集中眼睛.
And we’ll see movement disorders, where a child will look as if he or she is doing a strange dance.
我们将会看到运动紊乱,
The bark scorpion is about two inches long, including its tail.
树皮蝎子长约2英寸,包括其尾部.
Other scorpion stings cause local swelling, but the bark scorpion causes almost no reaction at the site.
其他蝎子刺会引起局部肿胀,但树皮蝎子在现场几乎没有反应.
With a two-year-old child, we do a tap test.
一个两岁的孩子,我们做一个水龙头测试。
We run our fingers up and down the child’s body.
我们把手指伸到孩子的身体上下。
He or she will scream when we find the site of the sting because it’s so painful.
他/她会在我们找到被刺的地方时尖叫,
If we look carefully, we can sometimes see a single puncture wound.
如果我们仔细看,我们有时可以看到一针刺伤。
We rule out scorpions when restlessness, twitching, and roving eye syndrome are absent.
我们排除了蝎子 当不安,抽搐, 和巡回眼部综合征缺席。
Scorpions sometimes find their way into homes and hide in dark places.
蝎子有时会找回自己入住的家并躲入黑暗的地方.
More people die from insect stings than from black widows, scorpions, and rattlesnakes combined.
死于昆虫刺的人比死于黑寡妇、蝎子和响尾蛇的人还要多。
That’s how important it is to rule out allergic reactions to flying, stinging insects.
排除对飞行的过敏反应,
We rule out allergic reactions by assessing the patient’s ability to breathe, as well as by testing his or her blood pressure.
我们通过评估患者的呼吸能力以及测试其血压来排除过敏反应.
An allergic reaction causes an extreme drop in blood pressure.
过敏反应会导致血压的极度下降.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
People who have a problem with a bite or sting should call a poison control center.
有被咬或被刺有问题的人应该叫起毒物控制中心.
A regional poison control center knows the kinds of animals in your area that you need to be concerned about.
一个区域毒物控制中心 知道你所在区域需要关心的动物种类
A doctor tests a girl’s blood pressure.
医生检查女孩的血压。
Interviewer: What do you look for in the case of flying, stinging insects?
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Jude: With bees, wasps, and ants, we’re concerned about allergic reactions.
我们担心过敏反应。
Most people get some redness, itching, and swelling at the site of a sting that goes away in a couple of days.
大部分人会有些红,痒, 肿胀的地方一个刺 几天后就会消失。
But a reaction anywhere other than at the site within the first hour is considered a type 1 allergic reaction that can be life threatening.
但第一小时内在现场以外的任何地方的反应,都被认为是可能威胁生命的一型过敏反应.
We say this happens within an hour, but usually within 20 to 30 minutes you know if you’re allergic.
但通常在20到30分钟内,
For example, if someone starts to have breathing difficulties, that’s a big concern.
如果有人开始有呼吸困难,
Or if you’re stung on your back and your hands are itchy, or if you’re stung on your leg and you’re having trouble swallowing—those are big concerns.
或者被刺到背上而手痒, 或者被刺到腿上而咽下困难,
All of those mean that your whole body is reacting to the sting.
所有这些意味着你全身都对刺痛有反应.
This type 1 reaction needs emergency medical care because the patient can die.
这种1型反应需要紧急医疗护理,因为患者会死亡.
Unless the person is allergic, the discomfort from a wasp or bee sting will usually go away in a few days.
除非该人过敏,否则黄蜂或蜜蜂被刺后产生的不适通常会在几天后消失.
Interviewer: What symptoms do you look for with a rattlesnake bite?
采访者: 用响尾蛇来咬你有什么症状?
Jude: It’s not as easy to rule out a rattlesnake bite right away because the disease happens in stages.
Jude:要马上排除响尾蛇被咬,
It begins with a puncture wound, possibly with some bleeding.
首先是穿刺伤 可能是出血
Then you start to see swelling and discoloration at the site of the bite.
然后,你开始看到肿胀和去色 在咬的地方。
Hours later you may see the skin blistering.
几小时后你可能会看到皮肤发泡
You can also have tissue destruction, meaning that skin and muscle tissue dies around the site.
也可以有组织破坏,指皮肤和肌肉组织在场地周围死亡.
Western diamondback rattlesnake Bruising that travels over the body is definitely a sign of a snakebite.
西部钻石背响尾蛇 在尸体上行走的伤痕 肯定是被蛇咬了
We draw blood, and we measure the parts of blood that are responsible for clotting.
我们抽出血液, 测量血液中造成血凝块的部分。
Snake venom destroys those parts of the blood, so a snakebite patient starts bleeding inside, which makes tissue die.
蛇毒会破坏出血的这些部分,因此被蛇咬的病人会从里面出血,这会使组织死亡.
All of this happens over 24 to 36 hours.
所有这一切都发生在24到36小时。
During this entire time, we give the patient antivenom to try to stop the body’s reactions to the venom.
在这段时间里,我们给病人抗毒液,试图阻止身体对毒液的反应。
Math Minute Rattlesnake antivenom costs a patient about $3,000 per vial.
Mathminute Rattlesnake 抗毒药每瓶花费大约3000美元
One patient was in the hospital for 10 days and received more than 50 vials of antivenom.
一名病人在医院里待了10天,接受了50多瓶抗毒药.
Along with the other hospital expenses, his bill totaled $326,000.
连同其他医院费用,他的账单总计为326,000美元.
How much did he spend on antivenom?
他花了多少钱去抗毒?
How much did the rest of his hospital expenses cost?
他剩下的医院费用是多少?
Interviewer: What about scorpions other than the bark scorpion?
采访者: 那除了树皮蝎子以外的蝎子呢?
Jude: If it’s not a bark scorpion, swelling often develops at the site beginning a few minutes after the sting.
Jude:如果不是树皮蝎子,
Patients will feel pain at the site, and there may be some tingling and numbness, but it usually goes away in hours.
病人在现场会感到疼痛,可能有些叮当和麻木,但通常在数小时后就会消失.
The swelling is a clue that it’s not a bark scorpion sting.
肿胀是一条线索,
With a bark scorpion, no swelling occurs.
与树皮蝎子,不发生肿胀.
Interviewer: What kinds of symptoms do you see with spider bites other than from a black widow?
采访者: 除了黑寡妇的蜘蛛被咬之外,你看到的是什么症状?
Jude: When most other spiders bite, their venom produces local inflammation but usually no full-body symptoms.
裘德:当大多数其他蜘蛛被咬后,它们的毒液会产生局部炎症,但通常没有全身症状.
The only other spider bites we pay close attention to are from brown recluse spiders.
我们密切关注的唯一其它蜘蛛咬是棕色隐形蜘蛛.
Often you don’t feel their bite, but over the next few hours a blister forms at the site.
但接下来数小时,
Eventually the blister breaks open, a scab forms, and tissue dies.
最终水泡会破裂,有斑点,组织会死亡.
This can cover a large area, and it can last for weeks or months.
这可以覆盖大面积,并且可以持续数周或数月.
The desert hairy scorpion has very fine hairs all over its body.
沙漠多毛的蝎子全身毛细.
Non-Life-Threatening Bites and Stings Interviewer: Now let’s talk about animal culprits that don’t cause life-threatening symptoms.
非生命威胁的Bites和Stings访谈者: 现在让我们来谈谈动物罪犯,
What symptoms would you see with a bite from a Gila (HEE-luh) monster?
你从Gila(Hee-luh)怪物身上咬到什么症状?
Jude: A Gila monster’s bite will usually create a little row or circle of teeth marks rather than a single puncture wound.
Jude:吉拉怪物被咬后,通常会形成一行或一圈的牙齿痕迹,而不是一针刺伤.
About a third of the time, teeth are embedded in the wound.
大约三分之一的时间,牙齿被嵌入伤口.
It’s a very painful bite because the Gila monster hangs on for a long time after it bites—half a minute or more.
因为Gila怪物在被咬后会坚持很长一段时间,
We say that most people who are bitten by a Gila monster deserved to be bitten.
我们说大多数被吉拉怪物被咬的人应该被咬.
The Gila monster is a very docile animal, and most people who get bitten are harassing one.
吉拉怪物是一种非常温柔的动物,大多数被咬的人都在骚扰一只.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A Gila monster is a venomous lizard found mostly in Arizona and northern Mexico.
吉拉怪物是多见于亚利桑那和墨西哥北部的毒蜥蜴.
A Gila monster has small, sharp teeth.
吉拉怪物有小而尖的牙齿.
Interviewer: And what about other snakes?
采访者: 其他的蛇怎么办?
Jude: There are many more nonvenomous than venomous snakes.
犹地: 无毒多出于毒蛇.
A lot of snakes we call nonvenomous actually have venom, but a bite isn’t a serious health risk.
许多我们称之为"无毒"的蛇确实有毒液,
It can make us feel sore, and once in a while blisters and swelling develop at the site, but nothing serious.
它能让我们感到痛楚,偶尔在现场会发出水泡和肿胀,但没什么严重的.
It’s estimated that in the United States there are over 35,000 snakebites each year, and 6,000 to 8,000 of them are venomous.
估计美国每年有超过三万五千只蛇,
Bullsnake Do You Know?
你知道公牛吗?
Snakebite death in the United States is rare, but worldwide it’s common.
蛇咬死在美国是罕见的,
In India, for example, it’s estimated that 40,000 people die from snakebites each year.
例如在印度,估计每年有4万人死于蛇斑。
This is due to more deadly kinds of snakes as well as less access to health care.
这是由于蛇类的致死性较高,以及获得保健服务的机会较少。
Garter snake Brown recluse spider bites usually aren’t part of a diagnosis in the emergency room because the symptoms take time to develop.
因为症状需要时间才能发展。
Aside from a black widow or a brown recluse spider, other spider bites won’t cause any serious problems unless the bite gets infected.
除了黑寡妇或棕色隐形蜘蛛, 其他蜘蛛被咬不会引起任何严重问题,
A bite from a brown recluse spider may take months to fully heal.
被褐色的隐形蜘蛛咬了可能要几个月才能完全痊愈.
Brown recluse Most spiders are harmless to humans.
棕色隐形物 大多数蜘蛛对人类无害.
Some will eat common pests such as houseflies and mosquitos.
有些人会吃常见的害虫,如家禽和蚊子.
If you see something dangerous and take one step back, you usually remove yourself from the range of danger.
如果你看到危险的东西,退后一步,你通常会将自己从危险范围中移除.
And if you leave the animal alone, you lower your risk.
如果你离开动物, 你降低你的风险。
More than half the people we treat for a rattlesnake bite saw the snake, recognized the danger, and put themselves at greater risk.
我们治疗的半数以上的人 看见了蛇,意识到了危险, 并把自己置于更大的风险。
If you make smart choices, you’re much more likely to stay safe.
如果你做出明智的选择,你更有可能保持安全。
Conclusion Interviewer: Do you have any advice for readers?
结论 采访者: 你有给读者的建议吗?
Jude: Besides rattlesnakes, almost all bites and stings we deal with happen in and around people’s homes.
除了响尾蛇外, 几乎所有的咬伤和刺伤,
Spiders and scorpions are active at night; they seek a dark crack or crevice during the day.
蜘蛛和蝎子在夜间活活;白天它们会寻找一个暗裂或裂缝.
You’re more likely to come across them at night when they’re active, so turning on lights at night will reduce your risk.
所以晚上打开灯会降低你的风险。
Turning on a light at night is a good safety measure.
晚上打开一盏灯是很好的安全措施。
Rabies Cold-blooded animals can’t carry rabies, and neither can many smaller mammals.
冷血动物无法携带狂犬病,
But skunks, bats, raccoons, foxes, and coyotes all can carry rabies.
但臭鼬,蝙蝠,浣熊,狐狸,和野狼都能够携带狂犬病.
If you’ve seen bats in your house or if you’ve been around any of these animals, you need to talk with a county health official.
如果你在家里见过蝙蝠, 或者你一直在这些动物周围,
If there’s any risk, you need to receive a series of vaccines.
如果有风险,你需要获得一系列疫苗。
Only one known person has ever survived a full-blown case of rabies.
只有一位已知的人在狂犬病的全面发作中存活了下来.