All About Bones

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents Body Shapers.

目录：身体塑形者。

4 Heads Up.

四头向上.

6 Put Your Back Into It.

6,把背对它。

9 And Now the Limbs.

9,现在Limbs。

11 Don’t Get Out of Joint.

11 不要出关。

13 Inside Your Bones.

13 在你的骨头。

14 Keeping Bones Healthy.

14"保持骨头健康".

15 Glossary.

15 词汇。

17 Body Shapers Lizards have one.

17 个身体形状 蜥蜴有一个。

Elephants have one.

大象有一个。

Even fish have one.

鱼也有一个

You have one, too!

你也有一个!

What is it?

这是什么?

A skeleton!

一个骨架!

Skeletons are the bones inside animals’ bodies.

骨骼是动物体内的骨头。

The skeleton is the frame that muscles and skin wrap around.

骨架是肌肉和皮肤所包围的框架.

Skeletons give all vertebrates, including humans, their shape.

斯凯莱通会给予所有脊椎动物,包括人类,它们的外形.

You can probably name many animals just by looking at their skeletons.

你也许可以把很多动物的名字 仅仅看他们的骨骼。

The human skeleton has 206 bones, starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.

人骨架有206个骨骼,从头颅起于上部,再由脚趾骨起于下部.

Many bones have muscles attached to them by tendons.

许多骨骼有肌肉被阴茎附着在上.

These bones help us move.

这些骨头帮助我们移动。

Some bones protect soft organs inside our bodies, such as the heart and brain.

一些骨骼保护了我们体内的软器官,例如心脏和大脑.

And many big bones have special areas in the center that make blood cells.

而许多大骨骼在中心有特殊区域可以使出血细胞.

Tissues called ligaments connect all the bones together to form the skeleton.

被称作"韧带"的组织将所有骨骼连接在一起形成骨架.

To learn how bones work, let’s take a closer look at different areas of the body.

让我们仔细看看身体的不同区域。

Heads Up Press your hand against your forehead— the part of your face above your eyebrows.

人头抬起,用手按住你的额头,即你眉毛上方的脸部。

You can feel your skull, or cranium, under the skin.

你可以感觉到你的头骨,或者颅骨,在皮肤下。

The cranium is one set of bones in your body.

颅骨是你体内一具骨头

It protects your brain, a very important and very soft organ.

它保护你的大脑, 一个非常重要和非常柔软的器官。

The cranium is like a crash helmet, but it is not as strong.

颅骨像一顶撞地头盔,但并没有那么坚固.

For that reason, you should wear a helmet for sports such as biking and skating.

为此,您应戴头盔参加自行车和花样滑冰等运动.

These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls.

这些赛车手会戴头盔来保护头骨.

Ligaments hold the hand and foot bones together.

韧带将手足骨相接.

If you feel your head, your skull seems to be one piece.

如果你感觉到你的头, 你的头骨似乎是一个碎片。

In fact, the skull is made up of many bones.

事实上,头骨由许多骨头所组成.

The bones join at special joints called sutures.

骨头在特殊的关节会合,称为缝合.

Unlike other joints, the sutures cannot move much.

与其他关节不同,缝合无法多动.

Your skull has twenty-two bones, not counting the six in your ears and one in your throat.

你的头骨有二十二个骨头, 不计你耳朵和喉咙里的六个。

Under your cheeks, you can feel your cheekbones.

颊下能出出出颊骨.

Your jaw is made up of two bones.

你的下巴由两根骨头组成

If you look at a skeleton, you might see something missing from its face—a nose.

如果你看到一具骨架,你可能会看到它的脸上缺少的东西——一鼻子.

The part of your nose that sticks out is not bone.

你鼻子里伸出来的部分不是骨头

Your nose is made of a tissue called cartilage (CAR-tih-ledj).

你的鼻子是由一个叫做软骨(CAR-tih-ledj)的组织而成.

Touch your nose and move it around.

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Cartilage can bend.

软骨可以弯曲.

Your bones cannot.

你的骨头不能。

You also have cartilage at the ends of bones.

骨端还有软骨

Cartilage keeps bones from rubbing against each other.

软骨可以防止骨头相撞

Skeletons also have teeth, but teeth are not bones.

斯凯莱通斯也有牙齿,但牙齿不是骨头.

Teeth are harder than bones.

牙齿比骨头更硬.

The outside of a tooth is made of enamel.

牙齿的外表由纳米制成.

Enamel is the hardest thing in the body.

Enamel是体内最难的

Cartilage is softer than bones, but teeth are harder.

软骨比骨骼柔软,但牙齿更硬.

Put Your Back Into It The skull connects to the spinal column, or backbone.

把头骨连接到脊柱或骨干上

You can feel the first few parts of the spinal column along the back of your neck.

你可以感觉到脊柱上沿后颈部的前几个部分.

These bumps form your backbone and continue all the way to your hips.

这些凸起会形成你的脊椎 并一直延伸到你的臀部。

The bones in your back are called vertebrae (VER-teh-bray).

后部的骨骼被称作"椎"(VER-teh-bray).

Your spinal column has two jobs.

你的脊柱有两个活儿

First, it protects the spinal cord, which runs through the vertebrae.

首先,它保护脊髓,脊髓贯穿脊椎.

The spinal cord is the place where your nerves meet to send information to your brain.

脊髓是神经相会的地方,用来向大脑传递信息.

The second job of your spinal column is to let you bend, twist, roll, and flip.

你的脊柱的第二个工作是让你弯曲,扭曲,滚转,并翻转.

The backbone is a chain of bones, not one solid bone.

骨干是骨骼的链条,不是一根固体骨.

It is flexible and can move in many directions.

它具有灵活性,可以朝着许多方向发展。

The skull is not the only set of bones attached to the backbone.

颅骨不是脊椎上唯一附着的骨骼.

The ribs and pelvic bones are attached to it, too.

肋骨和盆骨也相接于上.

The ribs protect your lungs and heart.

肋会保护你的肺和心

The lungs and heart lie inside the ribs, which form the rib cage.

肺和心位于肋骨内,而肋骨会形成肋骨笼.

If you bang your chest, your lungs and heart don’t get crushed because the ribs form a strong wall around them.

肺和心不会因为肋骨周围形成坚固的墙而被压碎。

Your rib cage has twelve bones on each side.

你的肋骨笼每边有十二个骨头

Near the top of the spinal column are the shoulder blades and the collarbones.

脊柱上部附近有肩叶和项骨.

These bones make up the shoulders.

这些骨头组成了肩膀。

Near the bottom of the spinal column, two hip bones make up the pelvis.

脊柱下部附近有两根臀骨组成骨盆.

On each side, a pelvic bone looks like a small bowl.

每侧有盆骨外观为小碗.

That’s because it holds your intestines and other lower-body organs.

因为它能控制你的肠道和其他下体器官。

And Now the Limbs Your arms and hands let you lift and hold things.

现在Limbs你的手臂和手 让你举起手来握住东西

Your legs and feet help you to move around.

你的腿和脚帮助你移动。

The bones inside your limbs help you to do these actions.

你四肢中的骨骼有助于你做这些动作.

Your arms each contain three bones.

你的手臂各有三块骨头

One bone is the upper-arm bone, attached at the top to the shoulder.

一个骨是上臂骨,上部被接入肩上.

Two bones make up the lower arm, between the elbow and the wrist.

二骨相接而起下臂相接,在肘与腕相接.

Your wrist and hand together have more bones than any other part of your body— twenty-seven!

手和手的骨骼都比身体的任何部位都多——二十七!

That’s a total of fifty-four bones for both hands.

这是两只手总共54个骨头。

Because wrists and hands have so many bones, they are flexible and precise.

由于手腕和手有这么多的骨头,它们灵活而精确.

If they weren’t, we couldn’t do things like writing and drawing, playing the piano, and tying shoelaces.

如果不是, 我们就不能做写作、绘画、弹钢琴、系鞋带等活。

The bones of the legs and feet are like the bones of the arms and hands.

腿足之骨同臂手之骨也.

The top of the leg is one solid bone, called the thighbone.

腿上部为一根实骨,取名"大腿骨".

The bottom of the leg has two bones.

足下有两骨.

Between the upper and lower parts of the leg is one more bone—the kneecap.

腿上部和下部之间还有一具骨-膝盖.

The kneecap lies over the knee joint.

膝盖在膝关节上

It protects the tendons beneath it that let the leg bend.

它保护它下面的阴道 让腿弯曲

Like the hand, the foot contains many bones—twenty-six.

与手相同,足有多骨——二十六.

That’s fifty-two bones for both feet.

这是两只脚的52个骨头。

The ankle and heel of a foot have seven bones.

脚踝和脚跟有七骨.

The ball of a foot has five bones.

足之球有五骨.

The foot has fourteen toe bones—two for the big toe and three each for the other toes.

足有十四趾骨——取大趾取出二分,取出相去取出三分.

Skin and tissue on the bottoms, or soles, of the feet protect the bones when you jump and run.

脚底的外皮和组织,或脚底,跳出后会保护骨骼.

Don’t Get Out of Joint Along with 206 bones, the adult human body has over 100 joints.

成人身体有超过100个关节。

Joints are the places where bones meet.

关节是骨头相会的地方.

Bones are hard and do not bend.

骨头硬而不要弯.

We can bend and twist because bones connect at joints.

我们可以弯曲和扭动 因为骨骼连接在关节。

Not all joints are the same.

并不是所有的关节都是相同的.

The joint where the upper-arm bone connects to the shoulder bone is a ball-and-socket joint.

上臂骨与肩骨相接的关节为一球接口.

The connection between the upper-leg bone and the hip bone is another joint of this type.

上腿骨与臀骨的连接是这种类型的另一个关节.

The top end of the upper-arm bone has a ball shape.

上臂骨的上端有球形.

This ball fits into a round hole, or socket, in the shoulder.

这个球在肩部的圆孔或插座里

The elbow joint and the knee joint are hinge joints.

肘关节和膝关节是关节.

Hinge joints only bend one way.

兴吉关节只弯出一道.

The joints between the vertebrae are swivel joints, which tilt and turn.

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The last type of joint is a suture, like those on the skull.

最后一种关节是缝合,就像头骨上的缝合.

Sutures connect bones but do not move much.

缝口能连接骨骼,但不会多动.

Inside Your Bones Bones may feel hard and solid like rocks, but they are not.

在你的骨头里 骨头可能像岩石一样坚硬而坚固,但它们不是。

Bones are alive with millions of bone cells.

骨头与上百万个骨细胞相活.

Bone cells need oxygen and food, just like other cells.

骨细胞需要氧气和食物,就像其他细胞一样.

On the outside, a bone is hard and solid.

外出一骨坚硬坚固.

This part is the compact bone.

这部分是紧凑的骨头。

Below the compact bone is the spongy bone.

收缩骨下为海绵骨.

Spongy bone has holes to keep the bones light so our muscles can lift them.

海绵骨有孔可以使骨头发光 这样我们的肌肉才能抬起它们.

Inside the spongy bone is bone marrow.

海绵骨内部是骨髓.

The body uses bone marrow to make blood cells.

身体使用骨髓来做出血细胞.

About half a pound of bone marrow makes about 50 billion red blood cells every day!

每天大约有半磅的骨髓 产生大约500亿个红血球!

Your joints allow you to bend and twist into unusual positions.

你的关节让你弯曲和曲折 进入不寻常的位置。

Keeping Bones Healthy Even though bones are strong, they can break if they are hit hard enough.

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Broken bones can be fixed.

断骨可修.

Healing a broken bone takes a little help from a doctor and a lot of help from bone cells.

治愈骨折需要医生的一点帮助和骨细胞的大量帮助.

For a bone to heal correctly, the bone must be put back the way it was before the break.

骨要正确愈合,必须像断前一样放回骨骼.

Doctors may move broken bones to put them back in place.

医生可能会移动断了的骨头 把它们放回原位

They set a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.

他们把一个铸币 围绕身体的部分 骨折。

The cast keeps the body part from moving so the bone can heal.

铸币使身体部位无法移动,使骨能痊愈.

As soon as a bone breaks, bone cells begin repairing it.

一旦骨折,骨细胞就开始修复.

Holding the broken bone in place with a cast lets the bone cells do their job.

将骨折的骨骼固定在被铸出的地方 让骨细胞做他们的工作。

Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.

骨头要保持健康才能保持强壮

Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bones in good working order.

定期锻炼是让你的骨头保持良好工作状态的最佳方法.

Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.

食用平衡的饮食能帮助骨髓产生健康的出血细胞.

Legumes (such as peas or pinto beans), other vegetables, and fruits are good for your bones.

豆子(如豌豆或平顶豆),其他蔬菜和水果对骨骼都有好处。

Foods rich in calcium, such as dairy products and fortified soy milk, rice milk, and orange juice, can also help bones to grow.

富含钙的食品,如乳制品和强化豆奶,米奶,和橙汁等也能够帮助骨骼生长.

Bones give your body its shape, and they also give you much more.

Bones给你身体的形状,他们也给你更多。

They allow you to move, sit, stand, and write.

他们允许你移动,坐,站,写。

You wouldn’t be you without your bones!

没有骨头,

A cast helps hold a broken bone in place so it can heal.

铸件可以帮助将骨折的骨骼固定在原地,使其能痊愈.

Foot bones are cushioned by the skin and tissue around them so they don’t break when you run, jump, and hop.

脚骨被周围的皮肤和组织所衬住,