to World Weather
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introducing Earth.
介绍地球目录.
4 How Scientists Measure Weather.
4 科学家如何测量天气。
5 Climate Field Guide.
5 《气候领域指南》。
7 Latitude.
7纬.
9 Elevation.
9电梯。
10 Large Bodies of Water.
10个大水体.
11 Seasons.
11个季节。
13 Exploring Earth’s Climate Patterns.
13 探索地球气候模式.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
15 Index.
15 指数。
16 Introducing Earth Oceans and air swirl around Earth.
16 引入地球海洋和空气环绕地球。
Ocean waters that wash the shores of North America also wash the shores of Asia.
洗刷北美海岸的海水也洗刷了亚洲海岸.
The breeze that blows curtains in South America rustles leaves in Africa’s trees.
吹起南美窗帘的微风会在非洲树上生锈。
Yet regions on Earth can be very different from one another.
然而,地球上的区域可能彼此有很大不同。
In some places, people never need a heavy coat.
在一些地方,人们从来不需要一件重外套.
In other places, people never go without one.
在其他地方,人们从不离开。
Farmers pray for rain in some places.
农民祈祷 下雨在一些地方。
In other places, rain falls every day.
在其他地方,每天会下雨。
Let’s look at why different parts of our planet have such different weather.
让我们看看为什么地球的不同地方有如此不同的天气。
The weather can be very different, depending on where you are in the world.
天气可能非常不同,取决于你所处的世界。
San Francisco, California, is famous for its foggy weather.
加利福尼亚州旧金山以雾天气出名.
How Scientists Measure Weather How many words can you think of to describe weather?
科学家如何 测量天气 你能想到多少字来形容天气?
Hot, cold, warm, chilly, rainy, sunny, snowy, foggy—the list could go on and on.
热、冷、温暖、寒冷、多雨、阳光、多雪、多雾,
All these words describe two things: temperature and precipitation.
所有这些词都描述了两件事:温度和降水.
Temperature is how hot or cold a place is.
温取地多热多冷.
Precipitation is moisture that falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
降水是指以降雨,降雪,流出或冰雹等形式倒入地的水分.
To track the weather of a place, we measure two conditions.
为了追踪一个地方的天气,我们测量两个条件.
How hot is it?
有多热?
How wet is it?
有多湿?
Climate is simply the average weather in a place over long periods of time.
气候只是某个地方长期的平均天气。
Weather information can be recorded on graphs.
天气信息可以在图表上记录.
Look at the temperature graph below.
看看下面的温度图
The graph shows information on the weather in Sydney, Australia, for the first six months of the year.
该图显示了全年前六个月澳大利亚悉尼的天气信息.
The numbers on the left side show the degrees of temperature.
左侧的数字显示了温度的度.
Now look at the precipitation graph.
看看降水图
It is very similar except that, on the left side, the numbers show amounts of precipitation in inches.
除了左边的数字显示以英寸计的降水量之外,情况非常相似。
By collecting weather information over time at many places, scientists have discovered that Earth has many different climate patterns.
科学家通过在多地长期收集天气信息,发现地球有许多不同的气候模式.
The green areas on this map have wet climates.
本地图上绿地有湿润的气候.
The brown and white areas have dry climates.
棕白地區有干燥的气候.
Can you find where the labeled locations are mentioned in this book?
你能找到本书中提到的标签位置吗?
Climate Field Guide What determines Earth’s climate patterns?
气候领域指南 是什么决定了地球的气候模式?
It all starts with the Sun.
皆从太阳起.
The Sun warms our planet, but its warmth is spread unevenly over Earth’s surface.
太阳温暖我们的星球,但地球表面的温暖分布不均。
The equator is an imaginary line that circles the middle of Earth like a belt.
赤道是一种想象中的线条,它像带子一样环绕地中部.
Areas near the equator tend to be much warmer than areas far to the north or south.
赤道附近的地区往往比远在北或南的地区温暖得多.
Because Earth is shaped like a ball, the Sun’s rays hit Earth at different angles in different places.
由于地球形状像一球,太阳的射线在不同的地方以不同的角度撞击地球.
The Sun’s rays are most direct around Earth’s middle and least direct at the North and South Poles.
太阳的射线在地球的中层最直接,在北极和南极最不直接。
Sunlight strikes Earth less directly nearer the poles.
太阳照向地球的距离更远
Sunlight strikes Earth more directly near the equator.
日光更直接地击中赤道附近的地球.
Equator Why It’s Warmer Near the Equator Try This!
为何是赤道附近的温暖?
Mark an X in the center of a sheet of paper.
在一张纸的中央标出一个X.
Have a friend hold the paper so it’s facing you.
让朋友拿着报纸,
Shine a flashlight at the paper so it makes a circle of light on the paper around the X.
在纸上放出一盏手电筒 这样它就能在X周围的纸上放出一圈光
Have your friend slowly tilt the paper away from you.
让你的朋友慢慢地把纸拉开
As the paper is tilted away, the circle of light will stretch to become an oval.
随着纸张被倾斜而去,光圈会伸展而成为椭圆.
The same amount of light is being spread over more of the paper.
同样数量的光被分散在了更多的纸上.
As a result, even though the X on the paper is still in the light, it is now getting less light than it was before.
因此,虽然纸上所放的"X"还处于光线下,但现在的光线已经比以前少了.
In the same way, because Earth is shaped like a ball, as you move north or south away from the equator, Earth curves more and more away from the Sun.
同样地,由于地球形状像一球一样,当你向北或向南远离赤道时,地球的曲线会越来越远离太阳.
Earth’s polar regions are cold because they receive less direct sunlight than areas near the equator.
地球的极地地区是寒冷的,因为它们得到的直接阳光比赤道附近地区少.
Latitude Latitude is the system we use for measuring distance north and south of the equator.
纬度是用来测量赤道南北相距的系统.
The equator is 0 degrees (0°) latitude.
赤道为0°(0°)纬度.
The North Pole is 90 degrees north latitude; the South Pole is 90 degrees south latitude.
北极为北纬90度;南极为南纬90度.
The smaller the latitude measurement, the closer a place is to the equator.
纬度测量度越小,一个地方越靠近赤道.
The greater the latitude measurement, the farther it is from the equator.
纬度测量越高,离赤道越远.
Climates at or near the equator are generally warm.
赤道上或附近的气候一般是温暖的.
Climates far from the equator are generally cold.
远离赤道的气候一般寒冷.
Elevation Elevation—the height above or below sea level—can also affect climate.
高地——海平面上下高度——也可能影响气候。
Imagine you were at the equator standing on a high mountaintop.
想象一下你站在高山顶上的赤道上
You would be in a cold climate!
你会在一个寒冷的气候中!
That’s because the temperature of the air drops about three degrees Fahrenheit for every one-thousand-foot increase in elevation.
这是因为每上升一到一英尺, 空气的温度就会下降3华氏度。
Mountains can also affect precipitation.
山脉也会影响降水.
Air contains water vapor—water in the form of a gas.
空气中含有以气体为形式的水蒸气。
Air tends to move around the planet in certain directions, called prevailing winds.
空气往往会在某些方向上围绕地球移动,被称作"盛行的风".
When wind rams into a chain of mountains, the air is forced upward, where it cools.
被风刮入一连串的山地时,空气被强迫向上,在那里冷却.
Cool air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air.
清凉的空气不能像暖和的空气那样保持多的湿度.
So air drops its moisture (as rain, snow, sleet, or hail) on the windward side of the mountains, leaving the other side, the leeward side, very dry.
故气所降其水分(如雨相克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克
Dry regions caused by mountain “walls” are called rain shadows.
由山地"墙"引起的干燥地被称作"雨影".
Dry air Sea Region of rain shadow Warm, moist air Forest Desert The latitude and longitude system of grid lines makes it possible to describe the location of any spot on Earth.
干燥的海 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 网格线的纬度和经度系统使得能够描述地球上任何地点的位置.
Degrees of latitude measure distance north or south of the equator.
纬度测量距离赤道以北或以南.
Degrees of longitude measure distance east or west of Greenwich, England.
经度测量距离英格兰格林威治以东或以西.
Large Bodies of Water Large bodies of water affect temperature and precipitation, too.
大型水体 大型水体 影响温度和降水量。
Water heats up and cools down more slowly than the surrounding land.
与周围的土地相比,水能加热并冷却得更慢.
As a result, large bodies of water act as a kind of insulation on the areas of land next to them, keeping them from heating up or cooling down too quickly.
因此,大水体在相邻的地上起到隔热作用,使其不能过快地取暖或冷却.
Places near large bodies of water experience mild winters and summers.
地处大型水体附近,冬季和夏季都很温和.
By contrast, places located far from large bodies of water often have extreme temperatures—very cold winters and very hot summers.
相形之下,远离大水体的地方往往有极端的温度——非常寒冷的冬天和非常炎热的夏天。
In those places, the air does not hold enough water vapor to insulate against the extremes of temperature.
在那些地方,空气中没有足够的水蒸发能隔绝温度的极端。
Ocean currents also play a part in climate.
洋流也在气候中起一定的作用.
Cold water currents flow from the poles toward the equator.
冷水流从极地流向赤道
Warm water currents do the opposite, flowing from the equator toward the poles.
温暖的水流相反 从赤道流向极地
Air above these currents slowly becomes the same temperature as the water.
气流上方的空气慢慢地变成水的同温.
Consequently, if a prevailing wind blows from water to land, it generally warms or cools those regions.
因此,如果大风从水吹到地上,这些区域一般会变暖或降温。
With its high latitude, Western Europe should have a fairly cold climate.
由于其高纬度,西欧应当有相当寒冷的气候。
However, a warm water current, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the air above it, giving Western Europe a milder climate.
然而,暖水流即北大西洋漂流使上方的空气暖和,使西欧气候较为温和.
This current also gives the region a wet climate.
这股潮流也使该地区气候湿润.
Because warm air can carry more moisture than cool air, the air that floats over Europe is loaded with water vapor.
因为温暖的空气可以携带比凉爽的空气更多的水分,漂浮在欧洲上空的空气被水蒸汽所装载.
People in this rainy part of the world need raincoats and umbrellas.
世界雨区的人们需要雨衣和雨伞.
Seattle, Washington, has a relatively mild climate partly because it sits next to Puget Sound, a large body of water.
华盛顿州西雅图气候相对温和,部分原因是它坐落在一具大水体"普吉特之声"(Puget Sound)旁边.
Seasons Most climates along the equator are hot all year round because of the direct sunlight they receive.
赤道沿岸的大部分气候全年炎热,因为它们直接受到阳光照射.
Climates in other places on Earth change with the seasons because of Earth’s tilt.
由于地势倾斜,地球其他地方的气候随季节变化.
Look at the diagram above.
看看上面的图
In January, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, which causes winter there.
1月,北半球向外倾斜,远离太阳,这造成了那里的冬季.
In July, it is tilted toward the Sun, which causes summer.
在7月,它向太阳倾斜,这会导致夏季.
The Southern Hemisphere has reversed seasons because it tilts in the opposite direction from the Northern Hemisphere.
南半球因从北半球向相反方向倾斜而出现倒行逆施.
Exploring Earth’s Climate Patterns You’ve just had a quick tour of the forces that affect Earth’s climates.
探索地球气候模式 你刚刚对影响地球气候的力量进行了快速巡视。
Pick a place on a globe.
在地球上选个地方
Think about the factors that affect its climate.
想想影响气候的因素
How far is it from the equator?
离赤道多远?
Is its elevation high or low?
是高还是低?
Are there mountains or large bodies of water nearby?
附近有山地或大水体吗?
What season is it there right now?
现在是哪个季节?
If you can answer these questions, you can probably guess what the weather is like there, even without leaving your home!
如果你能回答这些问题,你也许可以猜到那里的天气是怎样的,即使没有离开你的家!
A green valley in the Alps mountain range in Central Europe Axis tilts away from Sun Axis tilts toward Sun Earth orbits the Sun once each year.
中欧阿尔卑斯山脉上的一个绿色山谷 轴向太阳轴向外倾斜 向太阳地球倾斜 每年一次