Building Tunnels
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Going Places.
内容表去处.
4 The History of Tunnels.
4"隧道历史".
5 Building Tunnels.
5号楼隧道.
6 Tunnels Through Rock.
6道隧道通车通车.
8 Tunnels Through Soft Earth.
8道隧道通向软地.
12 Tunnels Under Water.
12个水下隧道.
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 1 Channel Tunnel, France and United Kingdom 2 Gotthard Base Tunnel, Switzerland 3 Lærdal Tunnel, Norway 4 Marmaray Tunnel, Turkey 5 Seikan Tunnel, Japan 6 Stad Ship Tunnel, Norway Some Tunnels Found in This Book AFRICA ATLANTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIA ASIA EUROPE Going Places For much of history, when travelers came across obstacles like mountains, they had a decision to make.
16 1个海峡隧道,法国和联合王国 2个戈特哈德地基隧道,瑞士 3个拉尔达尔隧道,挪威 4个马尔马里隧道,土耳其 5个塞坎隧道,日本 6个斯塔德船舶隧道,挪威 本书中发现的一些隧道 地点 对于历史上的大部分时间来说,当旅行者遇到山等障碍时,他们有决定权.
Should they go around or over?
他们应该绕来绕去还是过去?
Both options were difficult—until someone decided to go through!
两种选择都是困难的——直到有人决定通过!
Today, tunnels allow safe and speedy passage through hills and mountains.
今天,隧道允许安全而迅速地从山上和山上通行。
They also allow people and goods to pass under cities, rivers, and seas.
它们还允许人和货物从城市、河流和海洋下行走。
The largest tunnels are amazing examples of the work modern engineers can do.
最大的地道是现代工程师能做的惊人的例子.
Hezekiah’s Tunnel is an underground water tunnel in Jerusalem that likely dates from the eighth century bce.
Hezekiah的隧道是耶路撒冷的一条地下水隧道,可能可以追溯到8世纪的bce.
The History of Tunnels People have been building tunnels for thousands of years.
地道通史·人文卷·地道通史·上千年.
However, for much of that time, tunneling was dangerous and could take many years of hard work.
然而,在这段时间的大部分时间里,地道是危险的,可能需要多年的辛勤工作.
In the 1860s, tunnel building became much easier when Alfred Nobel created dynamite.
在1860年代,当阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔创造出炸药时,隧道建筑变得更加容易.
Easy to use and safer than other explosives at the time, dynamite allowed people to blast through rock in moments.
与当时其他炸药相比,炸药容易被使用,安全,使得人们在瞬间能从岩石中被爆出.
Since then, technology has continued to advance, and tunnels have grown larger and more amazing.
此后,科技不断进步,地道越发壮大出众.
Alfred Nobel became rich from his inventions, including dynamite.
阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔从他的发明中发财,包括炸药.
When he died, his money was used to create the Nobel Peace Prize.
去世后,他的钱被用来创造出诺贝尔和平奖.
Alfred Nobel Today, workers have carved tunnels through rock mountains, under large bodies of water, and below busy cities.
阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔(Alfred Nobel Today),工人已经用地道雕刻出地道穿过了岩石山区,在大水体下,在繁忙的城市下方.
Before building a tunnel, engineers look at soil and rock samples.
在修建隧道之前,工程师们会查看土壤和岩石样本.
They drill test holes to discover the type of rock they will need to dig through.
他们钻出测试孔来发现他们需要挖掘的岩石类型.
Once they have this information, they can design a tunnel that will not collapse.
一旦他们掌握了这些信息,他们就可以设计出不会倒塌的地道.
In 2016, almost 2 billion people rode New York City’s subways.
2016年,近20亿人乘坐纽约市地铁.
If laid end to end, these tunnels would stretch from New York City to Chicago, Illinois!
如果结束,这些地道会从纽约市延伸至伊利诺伊州芝加哥!
Tunneling usually follows three basic steps: dig, support, and line.
通地道通常遵循三个基本步骤:挖地道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道通.
First, workers dig part of the tunnel.
首先,工人挖地道的一部分.
They may use tools, machines, or explosives.
他们可以使用工具、机器或炸药。
Once part of the tunnel has been cleared, it is time to start step two: support.
一旦隧道部分被清除,现在应该开始第二步:支持。
Any unstable ground must be made stronger to prevent a collapse.
任何不稳定的地势都必须更坚固,以防止倒塌.
How they do this depends on the material the tunnel has to go through.
他们如何做到这一点取决于隧道必须经过的材料.
Once the tunnel has been made stable, workers build the lining, or inside, of the tunnel.
隧道平稳后,工人会修建隧道的衬里或内部.
Using these three basic steps, people have built amazing tunnels all over the world.
利用这三项基本步骤,人们在世界各地建造了惊人的地道.
Math Minute The Lærdal (LAR-dahl) Tunnel, at about 25 kilometers (16 mi.)
Math minute The Lærdal (LAR-dahl) Tunnel,约25公里(16米.
, is the longest road tunnel in the world!
这是世界上最长的公路隧道!
It cuts through mountains in Norway.
它穿过了挪威的山脉
If you travel from Borgund (BOR-gund) to Flåm (FLAWM) without the tunnel, you will have to drive 84 kilometers (52 mi.)
如果从Borgund(BOR-gund)到Flåm(FLAWM)没有地道,则需行驶84公里(52米.
Using the tunnel, the route is only 56 kilometers (35 mi.)
使用地道,路线只有56公里(35 mi.
How much distance will you save by using the tunnel?
你用地道能节省多少距离?
More than nine hundred road tunnels have been built through mountains and under water in Norway.
挪威已修建了900多条地道,穿过了山地和水下.
Answer: 28 km (17 mi.)
答复:28公里(17海里)
Tunnels Through Rock The Seikan Tunnel connects Honshu, the main island of Japan, with Hokkaido.
通过岩石的隧道 塞克恩隧道连接了日本主岛翁舒与北海道.
It’s 54 kilometers (34 mi.)
它的54公里(34英里).
long, making it the second- longest tunnel in the world.
长,成为世界上第二长的地道.
To build the tunnel, workers had to blast through tons of hard rock.
为了修建地道,工人不得不用一吨硬岩石来爆炸.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In 2016, the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel opened in Switzerland.
2016年,世界上最长最深的铁路隧道在瑞士开通.
The Gotthard Base Tunnel travels beneath the Swiss Alps for an incredible length—57 kilometers (35 mi.)
Gotthar分贝ase隧道在瑞士阿尔卑斯山下行走,长度令人难以置信——57公里(35英里.
Workers used more than 2,540 metric tonnes (2,800 tn.)
工人使用量超过2,540公吨(2,800吨)
of explosives to build the Seikan Tunnel.
建造塞坎隧道的炸药
To blast through rock, workers first drill small holes.
为了打穿岩石,工人首先钻出小洞来.
The type of rock determines how deep and how far apart the holes need to be.
岩石的类型决定了洞口需要多深多远.
Then, workers pack the holes tightly with explosives.
然后,工人用炸药把洞打得很紧
After they set off the explosives, workers cart away the pieces of rock created by the blast—called muck.
在他们引爆了炸药后,工人运走由爆炸所制造的地块——即所谓的泥土。
Workers set explosives in May 2014 to create the Brenner Base Tunnel, a train tunnel in Austria.
工人于2014年5月设置了炸药来创建布伦纳基地隧道,这是奥地利的一座火车隧道.
Tunnels of solid rock often don’t need extra support because they are already sturdy.
坚固的岩石隧道往往不需要额外支持,
However, areas with broken rock still need to be secured.
然而,有碎石的区域仍需要保障。
Workers may install long bolts or spray the area with concrete.
工人可以安装长螺栓或用混凝土向该地区喷洒.
They need to make sure that the rocks won’t move as they continue to work on the tunnel.
他们需要确保岩石不会移动,
Wowser!
哗!
Norway plans to build the world’s first ship tunnel.
挪威计划建造世界上第一座船道.
It will be almost 2 kilometers (1 mi.)
将近2公里(1英里).
long.
长.
A worker cuts a rock bolt that had secured a weak section of rock from the roof of a train tunnel in New York City, in 2008.
2008年,一名工人从纽约市火车地道的屋顶上划出一块坚固的石头。
This image shows what the Stad Ship Tunnel may look like.
这幅图像显示了斯达德船隧道的外观.
For some tunnels through rock, workers use huge tunnel-boring machines.
对于一些穿过岩石的地道来说,工人使用巨大的地道波纹机.
At the front of the machine is a plate in the shape of a circle that contains disk cutters.
机身前方是圆形的盘子,内有磁盘切割器.
The plate rotates, carving and grinding into the rock.
板会旋转,雕刻并磨入岩石.
The muck is scooped onto a belt that moves back toward the tunnel entrance.
泥浆被挖到一条带子上 向隧道入口移动
While these machines make building tunnels easier and faster, they cost millions of dollars.
虽然这些机器使地道的建设变得更简单更快,但它们花费了上百万美元.
If they break down, they can sometimes take months or even years to repair.
如果它们分解出来,它们有时可能需要几个月甚至几年的时间来修复.
Tunnel-boring machines are also called moles.
隧道波纹机也叫"地鼠".
Tunnels Through Soft Earth Building tunnels through soft ground, such as sand or gravel, can be dangerous.
通过软地隧道 通过沙地或砾地等软地来建造隧道可能很危险.
The earth can easily collapse.
地能轻易地倒塌.
To stop this from happening, workers push a steel cylinder called a shield into the earth for support.
为了阻止这种情况的发生,工人将一个叫"盾"的钢圆柱推入地上进行支撑.
They then dig out the material within the shield.
然后在盾牌内挖出材料.
Next, they install a liner, which is often made of steel or concrete.
接下来,它们会安装一款衬垫,而衬垫往往由钢或混凝土所制成.
With that complete, they push the shield deeper ahead and repeat the process.
随着这个过程的完成,它们将盾牌推向更深的前方,并重复这个过程.
Marc Brunel invented the method in order to build the Thames Tunnel in the 1840s.
马克·布鲁内尔为在1840年代建造泰晤士隧道而发明了这种方法.
Workers set a tail shield section of a tunnel-boring machine into position for a new underground light rail train in Los Angeles, California, in 2016.
工人为2016年加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的一列新型地铁轻轨列车将隧道波纹机的尾盾构段设为位置.
Tunnels Under Water Building tunnels under bodies of water presents additional challenges.
水体下水楼下地道构成更多的挑战。
In many instances, workers make a trench while building sections of the tunnel aboveground.
在许多情况下,工人在地上修建地道部分时筑起一条壕沟。
When the trench is complete, the sections of tunnel are sunk and connected together.
战壕完工后,地道各段被沉没并连接在一起.
When everything is sealed, the water is pumped out of the tunnel.
当一切被密封时,水被泵出地道.
The Marmaray Tunnel, which connects the European and Asian sides of Istanbul, Turkey, was built using the trench method.
连接土耳其伊斯坦布尔欧洲和亚洲两地的马尔马雷隧道是采用地沟法建造的.
Workers used huge barges to carry sections of the Marmaray Tunnel into the sea and sink them into place.
工人用巨型驳船将马尔马雷隧道的路段载入大海并沉入正地.
MARMARA SEA BOSPHORUS RIVERtrain station European side Asian side Marmaray Tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey The Channel Tunnel, which crosses under the English Channel between England and France, was built using another method.
马拉-西伯利亚 RIVERtrain站 位于土耳其伊斯坦布尔的欧洲侧亚洲侧马尔马拉伊隧道 英格兰和法国之间跨入英吉利海峡的海峡隧道采用另一种方法建造.
Eleven tunnel-boring machines began work on either side of the tunnel.
11台地道穿梭机在地道两侧开工.
They met in the middle two years later, and the tunnel was finally opened four years later, in 1994.
两人在两年后中间相会,隧道最终于四年后即1994年开通.
Approximately four hundred trains pass through the Channel Tunnel each day.
每天约有400班列车经过海峡隧道.
The trains carry passengers, cars, and freight.
列车载客,载客和载货.
Conclusion These amazing tunnels help millions of people and tons of goods move each day all around the globe.
结论 这些令人惊奇的地道每天帮助数百万人和一吨货物在全球各地移动.
As people continue to create newer, faster, and better modes of transportation, they still come across the same obstacles.
随着人们继续创造出更新的,更快的,更好的交通方式,他们仍然会遇到同样的障碍.
To get people where they’re going faster, new tunnels will need to be built.
需要建造新的隧道。
Fortunately, technology allows for the construction of longer, deeper, and wider structures more easily and safely than ever before.
所幸的是,技术使得建造更长、更深入和更广阔的结构比以往更加容易和安全。
Who knows what amazing tunnel will be built next?
谁知道下一个隧道会建出什么
Tourists experience strange images as they ride self-driving cars through the Bund Sightseeing Tunnel in Shanghai, China.
游客们在自驾汽车通过中国上海的Bund Sight Seeing隧道时体验到奇怪的画面.