Microscope
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Barely Visible.
内容表几乎可见.
4 The First Simple Microscopes.
4 第一台简易显微镜。
5 Compound Microscopes.
5个复合显微镜。
6 Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x).
6 Magnified 20-30 Times (20–30x). 星洲网.
7 Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x).
7 放大五十至二百倍（50–200倍）。
8 Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x).
8 放大200至1500时(200-1500x)。
10 Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x).
10 Magnified 100万人次(1 000 000x).
14 Conclusion.
14 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Barely Visible A human hair is one of the smallest things the human eye can see.
16 鲜为人知 人发是人眼能看见的最小事物之一.
Imagine, though, if you could shrink yourself until that hair looked as thick as your arm.
想象一下,但是,如果你可以收缩自己,直到那头发看起来像你的手臂一样厚.
What would you see?
你会看到什么?
The hairs on a fly’s legs would look like huge spikes.
苍蝇腿上的头发看起来像是大刺。
The fly would look like a monster with giant eyes!
苍蝇会看起来像一个大眼睛的怪物!
That’s the close-up view a microscope allows.
这是显微镜允许的特写视图。
A green blowfly’s body would look very different if you could make yourself really small.
如果你能让自己变小,绿色的蝴蝶的身体会变得非常不同。
The First Simple Microscopes For thousands of years, people have wanted to take a closer look at their world.
第一个简单的显微镜 几千年来,人们一直想更仔细地审视自己的世界.
The ancient Greeks used glass balls filled with water to make objects look larger.
古希腊人用充满了水的玻璃球来使物体看起来更大.
The Romans discovered that glass that was thick in the middle and thin on the edges made things look bigger.
罗马人发现中间厚而边缘薄的玻璃使事情看起来更大.
This was the first magnifying glass.
这是第一个放大镜。
People learned how to make better glass lenses in Europe in the 1600s.
1600年代人们学会了如何在欧洲制造更好的玻璃镜.
With that discovery, the microscope was invented.
随着这一发现,显微镜被发明出.
At first, the microscope was just a sort of fancy magnifying glass.
起初,显微镜只是一种花式放大镜.
Most magnifying glasses only make things look about five to ten times larger in size.
大部分放大镜只使事物的尺寸大出五到十倍.
That was the power of the first simple microscopes.
这是第一个简单的显微镜的力量。
This simple microscope from 1780 could be folded up in its case and carried in a pocket.
1780年的这个简单的显微镜 可以在箱子里叠起 装入口袋里
Compound Microscopes Early microscope users found that they could put two magnifying glasses in a row.
复合显微镜 早期的显微镜用户发现,他们可以将两个放大镜一行放入.
The second lens magnified the image from the first lens.
第二个镜头从第一个镜头放大了图像.
This made the image look even bigger.
这让图像看起来更大。
With the two lenses working together in a single microscope, the compound microscope was born.
随着两相相片在单相显微镜中一起工作,复合显微镜诞生了.
Today, compound microscopes can make objects look up to fifteen hundred times (1,500x) bigger!
今天,复合显微镜可以使物体看起来高达1500倍(1500x)更大!
Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x) One of the early microscope users was Robert Hooke.
放大20至30倍(20-30x) 早期显微镜用户之一是罗伯特·胡克.
Hooke was one of the first people to take careful notes on what he saw through a microscope.
胡克是最早通过显微镜仔细记录所见事物的人之一.
He published his notes in a book filled with drawings.
他的笔记发表在一本充满了图画的书上.
Hooke’s book had close-up views of a louse and a flea.
Hooke的书对一只狼和一只跳蚤的特写看法。
He drew the eyes of a fly in greater detail than anyone had ever seen before.
他比任何人都更详细地画出苍蝇的眼睛。
Hooke also sketched parts of plants and seeds.
胡克还勾画出部分植物和种子.
When he looked at a piece of cork under a microscope, he discovered that it was made of tiny chambers.
当他看着显微镜下有一块软骨时,他发现它由细小的圆室所制成.
He called those chambers “cells.”
他称这些会议厅为“细胞”。
Over time, the word cell came to be used for the tiny building blocks of all living things.
随着时间的推移,"细胞"一词被用于所有活物的微小构件.
Robert Hooke’s detailed drawing of a flea appeared in his 1665 book.
罗伯特·胡克对一头跳蚤的详细画作出现在他1665年的书中.
Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x) Historians believe that Hooke’s book inspired another early microscope user, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (LEY-vun-hook).
放大50至200倍(50-200倍) 历史学家认为,胡克的书启发了另一个早期显微镜用户安东尼·范·李尤文霍克(LEY-vun-hook).
Van Leeuwenhoek was a cloth merchant, not a trained scientist.
范·李尤文霍克是布商,不是受过训练的科学家.
However, he used magnifying glasses to take a close look at the fabric he bought and sold.
然而,他使用放大镜来仔细查看他所买卖的织物.
After he saw Hooke’s drawings, Van Leeuwenhoek started making lenses of his own.
在看到胡克的画作后,范·李尤文霍克开始自己出镜.
This magnified view of a thin slice of cork shows that it is made up of many tiny “cells.”
这种对一薄片软骨的放大视图表明,它由许多细小的“细胞”所组成。 “
Van Leeuwenhoek discovered a way to create better lenses.
范·李尤文霍克发现了一种创造出更好的镜头的方法.
He learned to make microscopes that magnified objects more than two hundred times (200x).
他学会了制造显微镜来放大超过200倍(200x)的物体.
Using his microscopes, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered tiny life forms living in lake water.
利用他的显微镜,范·李尤文霍克发现了生活在湖水中的细小的生命形式.
These life forms are too small to see with the naked eye.
这些生命形式太小了,无法用肉眼看.
Before Van Leeuwenhoek’s time, no one knew there were such tiny living things.
在Van Leeuwenhoek之前,
Microscopes showed that tiny life forms live everywhere.
显微镜显示,细小的生命形式到处活.
When things are magnified two hundred times (200x), a person can see many things that are invisible to the naked eye.
当事物被放大了200倍(200x)时,一个人可以看到许多肉眼看不见的东西.
Even something as simple as sand looks different under a microscope.
即使是像沙子一样简单的东西 在显微镜下看起来也不同
At normal size, sand looks ordinary and plain.
在正常的体积下,沙地看起来很平坦而平坦.
Under magnification, it’s clear that beach sand contains tiny shells, rocks, and coral.
海滩沙子显然含有细小的贝壳、岩石和珊瑚。
Looking through a microscope can reveal the tiny living things in pond water (left) and the colorful variety of items that make up beach sand (right).
通过显微镜可以揭示出池塘水(左)中的细小活物,以及构成沙滩(右)的多彩物品.
Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x) Early compound microscopes had some problems.
放大200至1500倍(200-1,500x) 早期的复合显微镜有一些问题.
The lenses could make things look blurry and stretched.
镜头可以让事情看起来模糊和拉伸.
They also changed the colors around the edges of what was being seen.
他们还改变了周围的颜色 周围的边缘被看到。
It was difficult to tell what was real and what was caused by the lens.
很难分辨出什么是真实的,什么是镜头造成的.
Early microscopes could stretch images the same way they get stretched by a funhouse mirror.
早期的显微镜可以拉伸图像的方式 和它们被玩家的镜子拉伸的方式一样
In the early 1800s, a scientist named Joseph Jackson Lister invented a new type of lens.
1800年代初,一位叫约瑟夫·杰克逊·利斯特的科学家发明了新型镜头.
This lens got rid of the stretching and color changes.
这个镜头摆脱了拉伸和颜色变化.
It made microscopes more powerful and reliable.
它使显微镜更强大更可靠.
As a result, microscopes allowed new discoveries in science and medicine.
因此,显微镜使得科学和医学有了新的发现.
In the mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR) discovered that tiny life forms in the air could cause milk to spoil.
18世纪中后期,路易·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR))发现空气中微小的生命形式会令牛奶腐烂.
The improved microscope allowed doctors to see germs in the bodies of sick people.
改进后的显微镜使医生可以在病人的身上看到细菌.
This discovery completely changed medicine.
这一发现彻底改变了医学.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) was a French chemist who found that heating milk could kill tiny life forms in it that could make people sick.
路易斯·巴斯德(1822年–1895年)是一位法国化学家,他发现取暖牛奶可以杀死其中能使人生病的小生命形式.
Most milk today is “pasteurized” to make it safe to drink.
今天,大多数牛奶是“破伤风”来保证饮用安全。
The early compound microscope also led to the discovery that no two snowflakes are alike.
早期的复合显微镜也导致发现没有两种雪花相似.
Wilson Bentley was known as “Snowflake” Bentley for his work with snowflakes.
威尔逊·本特利(Wilson Bentley)因其与雪花有关的工作而被称为"雪花".
He used a camera to take pictures with his microscope.
他用相机用显微镜拍照.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, he took photographs of more than five thousand snowflakes.
1800年代末至1900年代初,他拍摄了五千多枚雪花的照片.
Microscopes showed that some things in nature form special shapes called crystals.
显微镜显示,自然界中有些事物会形成特殊的形状,称为晶体.
Salt crystals are cubes, like building blocks.
盐晶是立方体,如构件.
Table sugar forms crystals that are slanted at each end and longer than salt crystals.
表糖形成晶体,每端倾斜而长于盐晶.
These photographs taken by “Snowflake” Bentley in 1902 reveal how each snowflake is a different, beautiful shape.
这些由"雪花"本特利于1902年拍摄的照片揭示出每只雪花如何是一个不同而美丽的形状.
Sugar crystals form regular rectangular shapes.
糖晶会形成正矩形.
Seeing the world’s tiny details can help people understand how things work.
了解世界的细微细节,
Take burrs, for example.
举个例子吧
A man named George de Mestral saw that burrs stuck to his clothing after he walked in a field.
一个叫乔治·德·梅斯特拉尔的人在田地里走去后,看见了被穿好衣服困住的布斯.
He took a closer look at the burrs under a microscope.
他用显微镜更仔细地看穿了被打碎的伤口.
He saw that they had tiny hooks that caught on the loops in the fabric of his pants.
他看见他们有小钩子 夹住他裤子的布料
De Mestral worked to copy the design of the burrs using fabric.
德·梅斯特拉尔(De Mestral)用布料复制了布料的设计.
The result was Velcro.
结果是Velcro。
Velcro is made up of two pieces of fabric.
Velcro由两块布料组成.
One piece is covered in thousands of tiny hooks.
一块被上千个小钩子所覆盖.
The other is covered in thousands of tiny loops.
另一个被上千个小环所覆盖
The hooks and loops let the two pieces of fabric “zip” together.
钩子和回路让两块布料"齐"在一起.
Scientists copied the shape of natural hooks on cockleburs (left) to make the fastener Velcro (right).
科学家在公鸡座上复制了自然钩子的外形(左)来制作更紧的Velcro (右).
Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x) Because of the way light works, there is a limit to how much a compound microscope can magnify objects.
百万次(1 000 000x) 由于光线的工作方式,一个复合显微镜能够放大物体的量是有限度的.
During the past century, though, scientists have created microscopes that don’t use light.
但在过去一个世纪中,科学家们创造了不使用光的显微镜。
One such microscope uses energy called electrons.
其中一个显微镜使用能量叫做电子.
Electron microscopes provide the greatest magnification of any type of microscope.
电子显微镜提供了任何类型显微镜的最大放大.
They magnify things up to one million times (1,000,000x)!
他们放大了100万倍(1 000 000x)!
A tiny dust mite feeds on flakes of human skin.
微小的尘埃会以人类皮肤的碎片为食
Conclusion As microscopes have become more powerful, we have learned many new things about our world.
结论 随着显微镜功能的增强,我们学到了许多关于我们世界的新事物.
Microscopes have led to discoveries in nearly every area of science.
显微镜在科学的几乎每个领域都有发现.
A microscopic view of a fish scale reveals details that are impossible to see with the naked eye.
对鱼体尺度的微观观察揭示出肉眼无法看到的细节。
Stains and Dyes Many cells and other small objects are transparent, or see-through.
Stains and Dyes 许多单元格和其他小对象都是透明的,或者通过透视.
This makes them difficult to see under a microscope.
这使他们很难在显微镜下看到.
Stains and dyes have been used since the 1800s to make objects stand out more against their backgrounds.
从1800年代开始,人们就使用螺纹和染料来使物体更加突出其背景.
This makes the objects easier to see with a microscope.
这使得物体更容易用显微镜看到.
Stains reveal that healthy cells (orange) are being replaced by damaged cells (purple) in this microscopic view of a diseased human liver.
Stains显示,在这种人类肝脏病变的显微眼中,健康的细胞(橙色)被受损的细胞取而代之。