Sinkhole Science
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Two Huge Holes.
内容表 二大洞.
4 What Causes Sinkholes?
4 什么原因导致沉没洞?
5 Two Types.
5 二类.
6 Amazing Sinkholes.
6个惊人的下沉洞
10 Sinkholes Caused by Humans.
10个矿坑 由人类引起的。
11 Dealing with Sinkholes.
11处理"沉洞".
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 A house slides into a giant sinkhole in San Francisco in 1995.
第 16 条 一所房子于1995年滑入旧金山一个巨大的水槽洞.
Two Huge Holes For a few weeks in 2007, people in a neighborhood of Guatemala City felt the ground tremble and shake.
两个大洞 在2007年的几个星期里, 瓜地马拉城附近的人们感到地面颤抖和摇晃。
No one knew what was causing it.
没人知道是什么原因造成的
Then on February 23, a huge hole suddenly opened in the street.
随后在2月23日,一个巨大的洞突然在街上被打开.
A dozen houses tumbled into the pit, and several lives were lost.
有十几所房屋倒入坑中,有数人丧生.
The hole was more than 330 feet (100 m) deep— deep enough to swallow two Statues of Liberty.
洞口有330多英尺(100米)深——深可吞入两个"自由之所".
In 2010, it happened again, fifteen blocks from the first hole.
2010年,它再次发生,离第一个洞有15个街区.
This time, the hole swallowed a three-story clothing factory and left another gaping chasm in a major intersection.
这一次,洞口吞并了一座三层的服装厂,并留下了另一个相隔相间的相隔相间.
Miraculously, no one was injured.
令人惊叹的是,没有人受伤。
Sinkholes happen all over the world, in the middle of cities and in the middle of nowhere.
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Though sinkholes take years to form, each time a new sinkhole opens up in the earth, it takes people by surprise.
虽然水槽洞需要数年才能形成,但每次地上打开一个新的水槽洞,人们都会惊讶地发现.
What Causes Sinkholes?
是什么原因导致Sinkholes?
The ground we stand on feels solid.
我们站的地上感觉很坚固
Underground, however, a lot is happening.
然而,地下活动很多。
Water trickles and flows, slowly eroding rocks and soil.
水会流出 慢慢侵蚀岩石和土壤
This creates underground spaces.
这创造了地下空间。
These result in sinkholes.
这些结果造成了水槽洞.
Sinkholes don’t happen just anywhere, though.
矿坑不会在任何地方发生。
Most natural sinkholes form where there are certain kinds of soft bedrock.
大部分的天然水槽洞形成 在那里有某些类型的软地基。
Bedrock is a layer of underground rock.
贝德罗克是地下岩层.
The ground above it and on the surface is called the overburden.
地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地上地
Rain or underground water drips and flows into this bedrock and erodes it.
雨水或地下水会滴入地基并侵蚀它。
This creates open spaces such as underground caves or caverns.
这创造了地下洞穴或洞穴等空地.
Over time, these spaces get bigger.
随着时间的推移,这些空间变得越来越大.
Eventually, the overburden may slowly drop down to form a sinkhole.
最终,过重的负担可能会慢慢地下降而形成下沉洞.
Sometimes, though, sinkholes can open suddenly and swallow buildings, cars, and people.
有时水槽洞会突然打开 然后吞下建筑物、汽车和人
Two Types There are two main types of sinkholes.
两种类型 水槽洞主要有两种.
The first is a cover-subsidence sinkhole ( subside means to sink or settle).
第一种是覆盖-负沉入洞(沉入或沉入下沉的手段).
A cover-subsidence sinkhole forms when water wears a space in the underground bedrock.
当水在地底基岩上穿行时,会形成被掩盖的下沉孔.
The overburden above the bedrock then shifts downward.
基岩上方的过重负担会向下转移。
Most sinkholes of this kind form slowly and may measure only a few yards across.
大多数这种水槽的形成很慢 可能只测量几码
The overburden may contain a lot of sand that easily slides into the underground space.
负担过重可能含有许多容易滑入地下空间的沙子.
These sinkholes often create a bowl shape on the surface.
这些水槽洞经常在地表上形成一碗形.
They may become ponds or wetlands if water has no way to drain out.
如果水无法排出,它们可能变成池塘或湿地。
The second type is a cover-collapse sinkhole.
第二种类型是被盖-相撞相接相接相槽.
This sinkhole forms when a space gets bigger and bigger under the surface.
当一个空间在地表下越来越大时 这个水槽就形成了
The overburden gets thinner as dirt, sand, and other sediment fall into the space.
随着泥土、沙子和其他沉积物落入太空,过重的负担会变薄。
The ground around this kind of sinkhole may contain a lot of sticky clay.
这种水槽洞周围的地上可能含有大量的粘土.
Clay helps hold the overburden together.
Clay帮助把负担压在一起
Without warning, though, the surface may collapse into the underground space.
然而,在没有警告的情况下,地表可能会倒塌入地下空间.
underground cavity.
地铁地洞.
the surface begins to sink.
表面开始下沉
pond or wetland.
池塘或湿地.
Cover-Subsidence Sinkhole Areas that get a lot of sinkholes usually have bedrock made of karst.
遮盖度 沉入洞区有很多沉入洞 通常有由喀斯特制成的地基
Karst is made of any type of rock that dissolves easily, such as limestone.
卡斯特由任何容易溶解的岩石所制成,例如石灰岩.
Karst can also be formed of gypsum, dolomite, salt, or other minerals and rocks.
卡斯特还可能由石膏,多洛米特,盐等矿物和岩石所形成.
Karst has many holes and cracks that water can flow into.
卡斯特有许多孔口和裂口,水可以流入.
When rainwater soaks into the earth, it picks up a mild acid from leaves and plants.
当雨水渗入地中时,会从叶子和植物中取出一种轻酸.
The mild acid dissolves karst.
温和的酸能溶解喀斯特.
This helps create the underground spaces that cause natural sinkholes.
这有助于创造导致自然下沉孔的地下空间.
Sinkholes that collapse without warning sometimes pull buildings and vehicles into them, as did this sinkhole in Duluth, Minnesota, in 2012.
无预警地倒塌的沉洞有时会把建筑物和车辆拉入其中,2012年明尼苏达州德卢斯的这个沉洞也是如此.
Cover-Collapse Sinkhole Sediment spills into a cavity in the bedrock.
覆盖- 叠叠的沉入洞 沉积物会溢入地基的腔中.
The fallen sediment leaves an arch-shaped hollow in the remaining overburden.
沉降的沉淀物留下一个拱形的空心物在所剩过重的负载中.
Eventually, that thin layer of overburden collapses.
最终,薄薄的多负担层倒塌。
The result is a sudden and dramatic sinkhole.
结果是一个突然而戏剧性的下水道.
The arch-shaped hollow continues to grow until very little overburden remains above it.
拱形空心体继续生长,直到其上方仍然有极小的过重负担.
Amazing Natural Sinkholes Sinkholes fascinate geologists.
惊人的自然沉入洞 沉入洞会吸引地质学家
They study them to learn more about how water and earth affect each other.
他们研究它们是为了更多地了解水和地如何互相影响.
Here are three amazing natural sinkholes from around the world.
这里有三个来自世界各地的惊人的天然水槽洞.
The Qattara Depression is the world’s largest natural sinkhole.
卡塔拉萧条是世界上最大的天然水槽。
It is located in Egypt and is 137 miles (220 km) long and 75 miles (120 km) wide.
它位于埃及,长137英里(220公里),宽75英里(120公里).
That is twice the area of the state of Rhode Island.
这是罗德岛州的两倍
A caver drops into Alabama’s Neversink Pit, another one of the world’s amazing sinkholes.
一个洞穴者掉入了阿拉巴马州的"永生坑"(Neversink Pit),这是世界上又一个令人惊叹的"水槽洞".
China’s Xiaozhai Tiankeng is considered the deepest sinkhole in the world.
中国小hai 天肯被认为是世界上最深的下水道.
More than 2,165 feet (660 m) deep, this sinkhole could swallow a 200-story skyscraper.
超过2,165英尺(660米)深,这个水槽洞可以吞下一座200层的摩天大楼.
The Sarisarinama sinkholes in V enezuela were discovered in 1961.
Venezuela的萨里萨里纳马水槽洞于1961年被发现.
Scientists have discovered plants and animals inside that are found nowhere else.
科学家发现里面的植物和动物 在其他地方找不到它们
Sinkholes Caused by Humans Some sinkholes result from underground construction.
由人类引起的沉入洞 一些沉入洞来自地下建筑
In cities, tunnels and pipes crisscross under many buildings and streets.
在城市,隧道和管子 十字架在许多建筑物和街道下。
If those pipes get old and worn out, they can collapse, allowing liquid to escape and eat away at the ground.
如果那些管子老了并磨损了,它们会倒塌,让液体从地上逃出并吃光.
Eventually, the pavement caves in.
最终,人行道洞入.
Work crews must check these underground spaces regularly to make sure they are solid.
工人必须定期检查这些地下空间,以确保它们坚固.
If a sinkhole forms in a city it can do a lot of damage, as in Guatemala City, where leaking pipes may have triggered the gaping holes in the city streets.
如果一个水槽洞在城市形成,它会造成很多破坏,例如在危地马拉城,那里的漏水管可能引发了城市街道上开口的洞.
Underground mines can also cause sinkholes.
地下地雷还可能造成水槽洞.
Near one Russian city, underground water filled an old mine.
在俄罗斯的一个城市附近,地下水填满了一座旧矿.
The bedrock of salt began dissolving.
盐基开始溶解
In 1986, a huge sinkhole opened up.
1986年,一个巨大的水槽洞被打开.
It grew to 780 feet (238 m) deep and covered more area than 25 football fields.
它长到780英尺(238米)深,覆盖面积超过25个足球场.
It is still growing, and new sinkholes are opening up.
它仍在增长,新的水槽洞正在打开。
Hundreds of people have had to leave their homes.
有上百人不得不离开家园。
To be safe, the entire city may need to move.
为了安全起见,整个城市可能需要迁移.
Some geologists argue that holes caused by human activity shouldn’t be called sinkholes because true sinkholes result from natural processes.
有些地质学家认为,人类活动造成的洞不应该被称为"水槽洞",因为真正的水槽洞来自于自然过程.
Garbage In, Garbage Out People sometimes treat sinkholes like garbage dumps.
垃圾倒入,垃圾倒出 人们有时会像垃圾堆一样处理水槽洞.
They will throw in junk, trash, even animal waste.
他们会丢入垃圾,垃圾,甚至动物废物。
This is a terrible idea.
这是一个可怕的想法。
Many sinkholes drain into underground water sources.
许多水槽向地下水源排出.
This is the same water that people drink.
这水和人们喝的一样
It is the water that farmers use to water their crops.
这是农民用来给作物取水的水。
The result is pollution in our food and drinking water.
结果是我们的食物和饮用水受到污染。
Loads of garbage hauled from a sinkhole.
从水槽里运来的垃圾
Dealing with Sinkholes Predicting where natural sinkholes will form is tricky.
处理沉积洞 预想自然沉积洞会形成的地方很棘手
The erosion that creates them is usually hidden underground.
产生它们的侵蚀通常被隐藏在地下.
The type of bedrock is the most important factor in whether or not sinkholes form.
基岩类型是水槽洞是否形成的最重要因素.