Load of Garbage!
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Trash in the Past.
过去目录垃圾列表 。
4 Trash Today.
(原始内容存档于2013-10-12). 4 Trash Today.
5 How Much Trash Do We Create?
5 我们创造多少垃圾?
6 Follow the Trash.
6跟随"垃圾".
7 Building a Landfill.
7 建一平地.
8 A Tomb for Trash.
8号墓为"垃圾".
11 Not in My Backyard.
11号不在后院
13 A Legacy of Trash.
13"垃圾遗存".
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Trash in the Past Thousands of years ago, people living in the ancient city of Troy (in modern-day Turkey) threw their garbage on their floors.
16 过去的废墟 数千年前,生活在特洛伊古城(今土耳其)的人们将垃圾倒在地上.
When the floors grew filthy enough, the people would put another layer of earth on top to bury the garbage.
当地板变得很脏时,人们会把另一层地埋到地上去把垃圾埋了.
The Trojans piled so many layers of trash on their floors, they had to raise the roofs of their houses!
特洛伊人把多层垃圾堆在地上,只好抬起房屋的屋顶!
You may laugh, but what we do today isn’t so different.
你可以笑,但我们今天做的并不不同。
Ancient or modern, people still have to figure out what to do with their trash.
古老的或现代的,人们仍然需要想出怎么处理他们的垃圾.
Health and Garbage One thousand years ago, during the Middle Ages, people in Europe would throw their waste right in the middle of the street.
卫生和垃圾 一千年前,在中世纪, 欧洲的人们会把他们的垃圾扔在大街上。
At the time, people didn’t understand the connection between public health and garbage.
当时人们并不明白公共卫生与垃圾之间的联系。
This filth attracted rats and fleas, which spread a deadly disease.
这种污秽吸引了老鼠和跳蚤,它们传播了致命的疾病.
The plague, also called the Black Death, killed 75 million people worldwide.
瘟疫也叫"黑死病",在全世界造成7500万人死亡.
Trash Today Today, most people do not throw garbage on the floors or in the middle of the street.
今天的废墟 今天,大多数人不把垃圾扔到地上或街上中间.
Instead, we put it in trash cans, the garbage truck hauls it away, and we forget about it.
相反,我们把它放在垃圾桶里, 垃圾车把它拖走, 我们忘了它。
But where exactly is “away?”
但“离开”究竟在哪里? “
When you put something in the garbage, it enters what is called the waste stream.
当你把东西放入垃圾里, 它进入所谓的废物流。
The waste stream is the flow of garbage to its final location.
废物流是垃圾流向其最后位置.
Most of the garbage in the waste stream goes to landfills—areas of land set aside for burying trash.
废物流中的大部分垃圾都投入了垃圾填埋地——为掩埋垃圾留出的土地。
How Much Trash Do We Create?
我们创造多少垃圾?
The world creates more than 2.
世界创造了2个以上。
6 trillion pounds (1.
6万亿磅(1.
2 trillion kg) of trash each year.
每年有2万亿公斤的垃圾
That’s about what 182 Great Pyramids of Egypt would weigh.
埃及182个大金字塔的重量。
Americans make up only 5 percent of the world’s population but create 25 percent of the world’s waste.
美国人只占世界人口的5%,但却造成了全世界25%的浪费。
The average American creates 4.
平均美国创造4。
5 pounds (2 kg) of trash every day.
每天有5磅(2公斤)的垃圾
Paper and paper products, such as cardboard packaging, make up a lot of what Americans toss.
纸上和纸上的产品,如纸板包装,构成了美国人掷出的许多东西.
Composted garbage—such as food scraps and yard waste—breaks down into rich organic matter.
堆积的垃圾——例如食物废料和院子废料——会变成丰富的有机物。
That compost can then be added to the soil to help plants grow.
之后可以将这种堆肥加入土壤来帮助植物生长.
When trash is combusted for energy, waste that can’t be recycled is turned into heat, electricity, or fuel.
无法回收的垃圾会变成热能、电力或燃料。
Combustion is a controlled burning process that also reduces the volume of trash.
燃烧(Combustion)是一种可控的燃烧过程,也减少了垃圾的体积.
Most of the ash that results goes to landfills.
大部分的灰都投入了垃圾填埋场。
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011 Municipal Solid Waste Characterization Report Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011 Municipal Solid Waste Characterization Report 11.
资料来源:美国环境保护局,2011年城市固体废物特性。 资料来源:美国环境保护局,2011年城市固体废物特性报告11。
6% What Happens to U.
发生在U的6%
S.
师曰.
Trash U.
(原始内容存档于2018-03-29). Trash U.
S.
师曰.
Trash 1960 to 2011 * “All other” includes mostly wood, rubber, leather, and cloth.
* “所有其他”主要包括木材、橡胶、皮革和布料。
Follow the Trash A garbage truck carries our trash to a landfill.
跟随回收站 垃圾车把我们的垃圾扔到垃圾填埋地
The truck unloads the trash into a cell—a storage space for garbage.
卡车把垃圾卸入一个牢房——一个存放垃圾的空间。
Then a heavy truck drives over the garbage with large, spiky wheels and smashes it down.
然后一辆重型卡车用大而飞扬的轮子把垃圾推倒并砸倒.
At the end of the day, a bulldozer covers the trash with dirt so that it’s less exposed to the elements.
推土机在垃圾上用泥土遮住垃圾,
Burying the garbage also helps keep out wildlife and reduces the odor.
将垃圾埋入垃圾中,也有助于保存野生动物并减少味道.
A compactor truck flattens trash at a landfill.
一辆压缩机卡车在垃圾填埋地上放垃圾
Machines roll out a liner for a new landfill.
机器为新的垃圾填埋场铺设了衬垫
Building a Landfill Landfills vary in size.
建造一座填埋地,其规模各不相同。
Usually, a gigantic hole is dug about 200 feet (61 m) wide and up to half a mile (805 m) deep.
通常,一个巨大的洞被挖出大约200英尺(61米)宽而可达半英里(805米)深.
The garbage can’t be dumped straight into the ground, though, because some of the garbage is toxic.
因为有些垃圾有毒,
As trash breaks down, its toxic parts mix with rainwater to produce leachate.
随着垃圾的倒塌,其有毒部分会与雨水相混合,产生出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入入出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入入
Leachate is the often-toxic liquid that has drained, or leached, through the landfill.
浸出液是经过填埋场排出或取出常常有毒的液体。
If you picture the landfill like a giant swimming pool, leachate is the liquid inside.
如果你把垃圾填埋场想象成一个巨大的游泳池, 浸出液就是里面的液体。
If not collected and treated, the leachate will either drain through the bottom or overflow.
如果不收集和处理,浸出液要么从底部排出,要么溢出。
A heavy plastic liner keeps the leachate from escaping, while pipes running through the landfill remove the leachate.
重型塑料衬垫使浸出液无法逃出,而从填埋地流出管子则去除浸出液.
Sometimes the leachate is treated at the landfill site.
有时在填埋地对浸出物进行处理。
Often, though, it’s sent through the sewer system to the closest water treatment plant.
通常通过下水道系统发送到最近的水处理厂。
Landfills must also be designed to deal with landfill gas.
填埋场的设计还必须针对填埋地气体。
When garbage rots, it creates a gas called methane, which must be released or burned.
垃圾腐烂后会产生一种叫"甲烷"的气体,必须放出或燃烧.
Otherwise, it can cause explosions.
否则会引发爆炸.
Using Methane Methane from landfills can be used to generate electricity and fuel vehicles.
使用甲烷 填埋场产生的甲烷可用于发电和燃料车辆.
The current landfill-gas-to-energy projects in the United States can power more than 800,000 homes.
美国目前的垃圾填埋-气体-能源项目可以为80多万所住房提供电力。
These projects also keep methane from escaping into the atmosphere.
这些项目还防止甲烷进入大气层。
That’s good, because methane is a powerful greenhouse gas.
这很好,因为甲烷是一种强大的温室气体。
It traps heat in the atmosphere, which adds to the global problem of climate change.
它困住大气中的热量,这加剧了全球气候变化问题。
A well collects methane from decaying garbage at a landfill in Smith’s Creek, Michigan (left).
在密歇根州Smith Creek的一个垃圾填埋地(左),
Engines generate electricity from the methane (right).
发动机从甲烷中发电(右方).
Landfills of the Future New bioreactor landfills help garbage decompose.
未来的填埋地 新的生物反应堆填埋地有助于垃圾分解.
In these landfills, air and liquid are pumped through the trash so the decomposers can break it down.
在这些垃圾填埋地中,空气和液体被泵入垃圾堆中,使分解者能够分解出.
Speeding up the decomposition time in a landfill leaves more space for new trash to be buried.
加快垃圾填埋地分解时间,为新垃圾下葬留出更多空间.
Bioreactor landfills can extend the life span of a landfill by as much as twenty years.
生物反应堆填埋场可将填埋场的寿命延长多达20年。
A Tomb for Trash Garbage dumped inside a landfill sits for a long time.
垃圾填埋场的垃圾墓坐了很久
Sealing the trash from air and water is like mummifying our garbage.
把垃圾从空气和水中密封起来 就像木乃伊化了我们的垃圾
Organic materials such as vegetables are biodegradable, and bacteria and other organisms could break them down in a short time.
蔬菜等有机材料可生物降解,细菌等生物体可在短时间内分解.
These organisms can’t do their job, though, because they need air and water to survive.
因为他们需要空气和水才能活下来。
The plastic we throw away isn’t biodegradable and can take thousands of years to break down.
我们丢掉的塑料无法生物降解,
Worse still, the Styrofoam cup you toss today could take more than a million years to turn to dust.
更糟的是,今天的斯泰罗泡沫杯 可能要花一百万年才能变成灰尘
Styrofoam litters a beach.
斯泰罗福姆丢入了海滩
It can take thirty to fifty years to fill a landfill.
填入垃圾填埋场需要30至50年。
Full landfills are often capped with clay, plastic material, and then a layer of soil to allow plants to grow.
完整的填埋场往往被粘土,塑料材料所盖住,再用一层土壤来让植物生长.
Closed landfills can be turned into parks, playgrounds, or open areas.
封闭式垃圾填埋场可以变成公园,游乐场,或者开放地.
Even after they’re capped, though, landfills cannot be forgotten.
垃圾填埋场也不容忘记。
A 2008 study found that 82 percent of the landfills studied were leaking.
2008年的一项研究发现,所研究的填埋地中有82%是漏出.
“No liner can keep all liquids out of the ground for all time.
“任何班轮都不可能使所有液体永远远离地面。
Eventually liners will either degrade, tear, or crack,” reports the Environmental Protection Agency.
最终衬垫会降解、撕裂或裂缝。”
When that happens, toxic liquids will escape and pollute the soil and groundwater.
一旦发生这种情况,有毒液体将逃脱并污染土壤和地下水。
New York City used to dump all of its trash into the largest landfill in the world, Fresh Kills on Staten Island.
纽约市曾将所有垃圾倒入世界上最大的垃圾填埋地"Staten岛上的新鲜杀手".
The landfill was closed in 2001.
填埋场于2001年关闭。
Now the area is being developed into a 2,200-acre park three times the size of Central Park.
现在该地区正被开发成面积为2200英亩的公园,面积是中央公园的三倍.
Not in My Backyard The United States may have a lot of land, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to find space to build new landfills.
别在我的后院里 美国可能拥有许多土地,但这并不意味着很容易找到建造新垃圾填埋地的空间。
People often don’t want one in their neighborhood because they worry about the noise, pests, and pollution.
人们往往不想要邻居,
Some states actually ship their trash across state lines to get rid of it.
一些州实际上把他们的垃圾运出州界以清除.
The number of U.
U的号码.
S.
师曰.
landfills is dropping.
垃圾填埋场正在下降。
The country had 6,300 open landfills in 1990.
1990年,该国有6 300个露天填埋地。
By 2011, it had only 2,300 open landfills.
至2011年,该地仅有2300个露天填埋地.
The new landfills are bigger and better, but the trash has to travel farther to reach them.
新的垃圾填埋场更大、更好,但垃圾必须更远地运去。
The United States burns more fossil fuels each year in order to lay the trash to rest.
美国每年燃烧更多的化石燃料,以平息垃圾.
Signs in New Hampshire protest a landfill.
新罕布什尔的标志 抗议垃圾填埋。
Coming to a Landfill Near You Shipping trash across state lines solves one problem, but it causes another.
跨州航道的垃圾 解决了一个问题 但又造成了另一个问题
The farther we have to move the trash, the more expensive it becomes.
垃圾越远,价格就越高
Take New York City.
去纽约
For years, that city’s garbage only traveled a few miles to Staten Island.
数年来,该市的垃圾只到斯泰顿岛数英里.
Today, New York City sends its trash to states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
今天,纽约市把垃圾送到了俄亥俄州,宾夕法尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州等州.
It spends more than $300 million a year to move its garbage to faraway landfills.
它每年花费3亿多美元将其垃圾转移到远离的垃圾填埋地.
Moving that amount of trash that far also costs the planet.
移动的垃圾数量远 也花费了地球。
That’s because it creates hundreds of thousands of tons of carbon dioxide each year.
因为它每年产生数十万吨二氧化碳。
Like methane, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that causes climate change.
与甲烷一样,二氧化碳是一种导致气候变化的温室气体.
A Legacy of Trash We don’t know how long it will take our trash to break down or how long the landfill liners will last.
回收站遗存 我们不知道垃圾会持续多久,
What we do know is that each of us has a choice about what we do with our garbage.
我们所知道的是,我们每个人都可以选择如何处理我们的垃圾。
About half the things we throw away could be recycled and kept out of landfills.
大约一半我们丢掉的东西 可以被回收 并远离垃圾填埋场。
We can also reduce the amount of garbage we’re creating each day by buying less in the first place.
我们可以减少每天的垃圾数量,
We may not throw trash on our floors anymore, but that doesn’t mean the things we throw away go away.
我们也许不再把垃圾扔到地上,
What will people in the future say about the trash we leave behind?
未来人们会对我们留下的垃圾怎么说?
Glossary biodegradable (adj.)
可生物降解词汇表(adj.)
capable of being decomposed or broken down by microorganisms, such as bacteria (p.
能够被细菌等微生物分解或分解(p.
11) elements (n.)
11)要素(n.)
weather conditions, such as wind, rain, sun, or extreme temperatures (p.
天气条件,如风能,雨能,日能,或极端温度(p.
7) groundwater (n.)
7)地下水 (n.
water held underground in soil or rock, often feeding springs and wells (p.
地下积水被埋入土壤或岩石中,常为泉水和水井取食(p.
12) landfills (n.)
12)填埋地 (n.
places where garbage is stored and covered with dirt (p.
垃圾存放地和被泥土覆盖地(p.
5) methane (n.)
5) 甲烷 (n.
an invisible, odorless, flammable gas; also called “natural gas” (p.
一种无形的、无味的、可燃的气体;也称为“天然气”(p.
9) organic (adj.)
9) 有机(adj.
having to do with or coming from living organisms (p.
与活生物体有关或来自活生物体(p.
11) pollute (v.)
11) 被污染(五.
to make something, such as the environment, unclean or unsafe for use (p.
制造诸如环境、不洁或不安全等东西,以供使用(第5页)。
12) toxic (adj.)
12) 毒性(adj.)
poisonous; dangerous to life (p.
有毒;对生命有危险(p.
8) treated (v.)
8) 已处理(五.
added a substance, such as a chemical, to improve, protect, or clean something (p.
添加了某种物质,如一种化学物质来改进、保护或清洁某些东西(p.
8) A boy studies kitchen scraps in a garden compost bin.
8) 一个男孩在花园堆肥箱里学习厨房废料.
Composting is a great way to break down garbage that would otherwise sit in a landfill.
堆放是拆卸垃圾的好方法,否则垃圾会被埋入垃圾填埋地。