and Tsunamis
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Deep Within the Earth.
4"地心深处".
5 Earthquakes: Terrible Trembling.
页:1 地震:可怕的惊恐.
7 The Richter Scale.
7 里希特规模。
10 Volcanoes: Enormous Explosions.
10 火山:激起的爆炸.
11 Tsunamis: Wild Waves.
11"海啸:狂浪".
16 Conclusion.
16 结论。
21 Glossary.
21 词汇表。
22 Introduction The ground and the ocean are usually peaceful.
22 导言 地上和海洋通常都比较平和.
But forces deep within the earth can suddenly cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis (tsoo-NOM-ees).
但地中深处的势力突然会引发地震,火山和海啸(tsoo-NOM-ees).
In this book, you will read about these events and the forces that cause them.
在这本书中,你会读到这些事件以及引起这些事件的力量.
Smoke rises from what seems to be a peaceful volcano.
烟从看起来和平的火山升起。
Deep Within the Earth The top layer of Earth is made of giant pieces of rock, like the pieces of a puzzle.
地球深处 地上地层由巨大的岩石块所组成,就像一个谜题的碎片.
The pieces of rock, called plates, make up continents and ocean floors.
岩块被称作板块,由大陆和洋底组成.
Where the plates come together, there are often cracks and gaps, called faults.
板块合在一起的地方,经常有裂缝和缺口,称为断层.
Underneath the plates, the Earth is very hot.
在板块下面,地球非常热.
It is so hot that rock melts into a liquid called magma.
它是如此地热到 岩石融化成一种叫做岩浆的液体
The plates float on top of this liquid magma.
板块漂浮在液态岩浆上方
The magma is always moving, dragging the plates around with it.
岩浆总是在移动, 拖来拖去盘子。
At the edges of the moving plates, three different things can happen.
在移动板块的边缘,可以发生三种不同的事.
If the plates are moving against each other, one plate slides over or under the other plate (Fig.
如果板块相向相向,一个板块会滑过或倒入另一个板块下(图.
If the plates are moving past each other, the edges of the plates grind together (Fig.
如果板块相向而行,板块的边缘会一起磨磨(Fig.
And if the plates are moving apart, they make a gap where magma comes out (Fig.
如果板块分开移动,它们就会产生出岩浆的缺口(Fig.
MAGMA The dotted lines show the edges of the plates.
磁共振 被点缀的线条显示了板块的边缘.
Earthquakes: Terrible Trembling Sometimes the plates get caught on each other and cannot move.
地震: 可怕的颤抖 有时板被夹住,无法移动。
The pressure and energy build up.
压力和能量逐渐增强
Then, suddenly, the rocks give way.
然后,突然,岩石让位。
The ground shakes.
地摇地摇.
Far above, people feel an earthquake.
远地上,人们感受到地震.
The ground here was ripped open by an earthquake.
这里的地被地震撕开
Earthquakes can damage or even destroy buildings.
地震会破坏甚至摧毁建筑物.
Some earthquakes are small and harmless.
有些地震规模小,无害.
But sometimes the shaking is so strong that buildings crumble, bridges collapse, and large cracks open in the ground.
但有时震动非常强烈,以至于建筑物倒塌,桥梁倒塌,地上还开有大裂缝.
We measure the strength of earthquakes on an instrument called a seismograph (SIZE- moh-graf).
我们用一个叫做地震仪的仪器来测量地震的强度。
Each earthquake is given a number from the Richter (RICK-ter) scale, depending on its strength.
每次地震都根据强度从里克特(RICK-ter)规模给出了数字.
A seismograph The Richter Scale 1 People cannot feel the earthquake—only sensitive instruments can detect it.
地震仪 Richter Class 1 人们无法感觉到地震,
in tall buildings may sense a slight swaying.
在高高的建筑物里 可能会有轻微的摇晃
the shaking.
颤抖。
No damage occurs.
没有发生损害。
4 People at the origin of the quake definitely feel it.
地震源头的人肯定感觉到了
Hanging objects sway.
吊取物而摇.
Water sloshes in swimming pools.
游泳池里的水浆
Some weak buildings may be damaged.
一些薄弱的建筑可能受损.
weak buildings at and around center.
中央和周围的建筑物都很薄弱
Some damage to strong buildings.
强力建筑受损.
kilometers (100 mi).
公里(100米).
center are destroyed.
中心被摧毁。
Cracks form in the Earth.
裂缝在地球上形成。
Underground pipes break.
地底管断.
Large landslides can occur.
可能发生大面积山体滑坡.
in the ground.
在地上。 。 。
Large landslides.
大规模山体滑坡.
9 The ground appears to move in “waves.”
页:1 地面似乎在“波浪中移动。 “
Entire rivers may move.
整个河流可能移动。
Objects can be thrown into the air.
物体可以被抛入空中.
Total destruction of buildings and other structures.
建筑物和其他结构被彻底摧毁。
There is no top to the Richter scale, but the strongest earthquake ever recorded was a 9.
里克特的规模没有最高,但有史以来记录到的最强地震是9起.
Sometimes the hot magma cools before it gets to the surface.
有时热的岩浆会先冷却再到达地表.
It hardens into a solid piece of rock, plugging up the crack or hole where it had been seeping out.
它坚硬地扎入一块坚固的岩石 堵上裂缝或被挖出洞口
Hot gases in the magma continue to press against the plug.
岩浆中的热气体继续压在塞上.
The pressure grows.
压力越来越大。
Suddenly, the volcano explodes.
火山突然爆发
Runny liquid rock on this Hawaiian volcano flows smoothly, like a peaceful river.
夏威夷火山上流淌的液体岩石流畅而平稳,就像平和的河流.
Some volcanoes become plugged (above), and then they explode violently (below).
有些火山被堵塞(上),然后剧烈地(下)爆炸.
MAGMA Plug Dust, ash, and gas Lava flow Volcanoes: Enormous Explosions A volcano begins when magma from deep inside the Earth comes out through a crack in the Earth’s surface.
MAGMA 相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相 火山从地底深处的岩浆 从地表的裂缝中喷出
When the magma reaches the surface, it cools into solid rock, often forming a mountain or island.
岩浆到达地表后会冷却为固体岩石,常会形成山地或岛屿.
When mountains explode, they send tons of rock rolling down their sides.
当山体爆炸时,它们会把数以吨计的岩石滚来滚去。
These falling rocks are called landslides.
这些倒塌的岩石被称为"塌方".
Clouds of ash and dust rise into the air during volcanic eruptions.
火山喷发时,灰尘云层会升入空气.
The ash falls to the ground like snow.
出灰倒地如雪.
Large ash clouds can even block out sunlight.
大灰云甚至能挡住阳光
Some large volcanoes have snow and ice on top.
一些大火山上方有雪和冰.
The hot gases melt all the snow and ice at once, and the water rushes down the mountain.
热气一时融出一切雪冰相出相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相
This large, dirt-filled flood is called a mudslide.
这种被泥土填充的大洪水被称为"泥地".
Mount St.
圣多伦山
Helens after it erupted These trees were blown over by the explosion of Mount St.
海伦斯爆发后 这些树木被圣山爆炸所吹倒.
Helens.
海伦丝
Tsunamis: Wild Waves Tsunamis are huge waves caused by earthquakes or volcanoes.
海啸:狂浪海啸是地震或火山所引发的巨浪.
Tsunamis can be as high as a football field is long.
海啸可以和足球场一样高.
They are the largest waves in the world.
他们是世界上最大的一波。
Scientists gather information from a volcanic fissure.
科学家从火山裂缝中收集信息.
Tsunamis are the largest waves in the world.
海啸是世界上最大的海啸。
Scientists are not yet able to predict when earthquakes will happen.
科学家尚无法预测地震何时会发生.
But they have become very good at predicting volcanic eruptions.
但是它们已经变得非常善于预测火山爆发.
In 1991, scientists warned people in the country of the Philippines that a volcano was about to erupt.
1991年,科学家警告菲律宾国内的人们,一座火山即将喷发.
Many people left the area and found safety before the huge volcano erupted.
许多人离开该地区,在大火山爆发前找到了安全.
Steam rises from a volcano near the sea.
蒸汽从靠近海洋的火山中升起.
When tsunamis approach the shore, they break as giant waves.
海啸逼近岸边时,会像巨浪一样破碎.
Tsunami in open ocean with most of the wave below the surface Tsunami near shore Shore 10 to 100 feet high Large landslides caused by earthquakes or volcanoes sometimes fall into the sea and make huge waves.
海啸在开阔的海洋中,大部分海浪在海面海啸下方靠近岸边的10至100英尺高地上由地震或火山所引发的大型地崩有时会倒入大海并产生出巨大的大浪.
Earthquakes and volcanoes can also happen on the ocean floor.
地震和火山也可能发生在洋底.
All of these events can create tsunamis.
所有这些事件都可能造成海啸.
Tsunamis speed away from where they begin in all directions.
海啸从各个方向的起点加速。
A tsunami can cross an entire ocean.
海啸可以穿越整个海洋
Tsunamis travel very fast.
海啸的移动速度非常快。
In the open ocean, tsunamis may not be very high above the surface of the water, but they are very deep.
在开阔的海洋中,海啸在水面上可能并不高,但它们非常深.
As a tsunami comes close to land, the rising ocean floor pushes the wave upward.
随着海啸接近陆地,上升的洋底将波浪推向上.
When a tsunami reaches land, it is tall enough to destroy almost anything in its path.
当海啸到达陆地时,它高得足以摧毁它道路上的几乎所有东西。
Most tsunamis are between one and ten stories high.
大多数海啸都高一到十层
That might not sound very high, but it is hard to imagine the power of this much moving water.
这听起来可能不太高, 但很难想象这些移动多的水的力量。
Even a small tsunami can destroy houses, streets, and entire towns.
甚至小型海啸也能摧毁房屋、街道和整个城镇。
Many people describe tsunamis as “walls of water.”
许多人将海啸称为“水墙”。 “
Damage from a tsunami Like volcanoes, tsunamis are becoming easier to predict.
海啸造成的损失 同火山一样,海啸也越来越容易预测。
Scientists have instruments that detect volcanoes and earthquakes.
科学家有探测火山和地震的仪器.
When a large one happens, scientists often have time to warn people that a tsunami may be coming.
当大海啸发生时,科学家们往往有时间警告人们,海啸可能会来临。
Conclusion During a large earthquake, the ground shakes, destroying homes and property.
在一次大地震中,地表震动,摧毁了房屋和财产。
In an explosive volcanic eruption, liquid rock, ash, and landslides can cover whole cities.
在一次爆发性的火山喷发中,液体岩石,灰烬和地崩可以覆盖整个城市.
And tsunamis can cause billions of dollars in damage.
海啸会造成数十亿美元的损失。
Scientists are working to be able to predict volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis in order to save thousands of lives.
科学家正在努力预测火山、地震和海啸,以便拯救数千人的生命。
Glossary earthquakes (n.)
词汇地震(n.)
the shaking of Earth’s crust caused by underground vibrations (p.
地壳由地表震动引起的震动(p.
4) faults (n.)
4)断层 (n.
cracks in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs (p.
地球地壳的裂口随运动而发生(p.
5) landslides (n.)
5) 山体滑坡 (n.
moving masses of soil and rock that flow slopes (p.
流动斜坡的土壤和岩石群移 (p.
13) magma (n.)
13) 岩浆 (n.
melted, liquid rock beneath Earth’s surface (p.
在地表下被熔化的液态岩石(p.
6) mudslide (n.)
6) 泥石流 (n.
a dirt- and debris-filled flood of water (p.
由泥土和碎屑填充的水(p.
14) plates (n.)
14) 车牌 (n.
large sheets of rock that make up Earth’s crust (p.
构成地壳的大片岩石(p.
5) Richter scale (n.)
5) 里氏度(n.
the scale that measures the strength of earthquakes (p.
测量地震强度的尺度(p.
9) tsunamis (n.)
9) 海啸(n.
enormous ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanoes (p.
由水下地震,山体滑坡或火山(p.
4) volcanoes (n.)
4) 火山 (n.
places on Earth’s surface where gases, ash, and lava spew onto the surface (p.
将气体、灰烬和熔岩喷入地表(p.
4) An earthquake destroyed this building.
4)地震摧毁了这座建筑.