Castles
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents What Is a Castle?
内容表 什么是城堡?
4 The First Castles.
4 第一座城堡.
6 Outside the Castle.
6出城堡外.
8 Inside the Castle.
8 在城堡内。
11 Built for Defense.
11 为国防而建.
13 People In and Around the Castle.
城堡里和周围有13个人
15 Castles and War.
15城堡与战争.
18 Glossary.
18 词汇。
24 What Is a Castle?
24号是什么城堡?
During the Middle Ages, many great castles were built across Europe.
在中世纪期间,欧洲各地建造了许多大城堡.
The castles were made to protect people from their enemies.
城堡是为了保护人们免受敌人的伤害而建造的.
They had thick, tall walls and watchtowers where guards stood watch over the castle.
他们有厚厚高的墙壁和瞭望塔 在那里守卫着城堡
The people who lived in the castles were the nobility, or nobles.
住在城堡里的人是贵族或贵族.
However, they were not the only people living in the castles.
然而,他们并不是住在城堡里的唯一的人.
The people who served and protected the nobility also lived within the castle walls.
服务并保护贵族的人们也活在城堡的墙上.
The nobles not only owned and lived in the castle, they also owned much of the land stretching beyond the castle.
贵族们不仅拥有并活在了城堡中,他们还拥有了延伸出城堡外的大部分土地.
They were loyal to the king.
他们忠于国王
Their loyalty helped the king control even more land.
他们的忠诚帮助了国王控制了更多的土地.
Living outside the castle was another class of people called commoners.
住在城堡外是另一个叫"平民"的阶层.
They were the craftsmen and farmers who lived in small towns and villages and on farms not far from the castle.
他们是工匠和农民,他们住在小城镇和村庄以及离城堡不远的农场上。
The commoners were loyal to the nobles.
平民忠于贵族.
They paid taxes, which allowed the nobles to live privileged lives.
他们交了税,这让贵族们过上特权生活.
The First Castles The first type of castle was called a mott and bailey.
第一城堡区 第一种城堡被称为"摩特"和"巴伊".
The mott was a high mound of dirt with a wooden tower built upon it.
摩托是一个高高的土丘,上面建有一座木塔.
A wooden fence, called a palisade, was built out from the mott.
一个木栅栏,叫做"花椰子",是从草地上建造的.
The palisade formed a wall surrounding the bailey, or the yard, that held the kitchen, hall, stables, and other buildings belonging to the noble.
帕利萨德环绕着贝利或院子形成一堵墙,墙上有厨房,大厅,马厩等属于贵族的建筑.
Peasants farm the land around the lord’s castle.
农民在领主城堡周围耕种土地。
Later, castles had stone motts or towers.
后来,城堡有石头摩托或塔.
Many of these castles also featured moats.
许多这些城堡也以护城河为特色.
Moats were ditches, often filled with water, that surrounded the castle.
moats是沟渠,常常被水填满,包围了城堡.
As time passed, castles were built with bigger towers and walls.
随着时间的流逝,城堡被用更大的塔和墙来建造.
They became larger, with more rooms and passages.
它们变得更大,拥有更多的房间和通道.
They came to look more and more like the large castles we see today.
他们越来越像我们今天看到的大城堡
These castles were well built and have withstood the test of time.
这些城堡建设良好,经受了时间的考验.
Outside the Castle Newly built castles were painted with a mixture of lime and water.
在城堡外新建成的城堡被涂上石灰和水的混合物.
This mixture gave the castle walls a fresh, clean coat of white.
这种混合物使城堡的墙壁有一身新鲜而干净的白色外衣.
For this reason, the mixture was called whitewash.
因此,这种混合物被称为"白洗".
Every castle’s design was different.
每个城堡的设计都不同。
Still, they had many of the same features.
然而,它们有许多相同的特征。
Most had towers or turrets, and many castles had an inner and an outer wall.
大部分有塔或炮塔,许多城堡有内墙和外墙.
Many also had a very strong building in the center of the castle.
许多人在城堡中心也有一个非常坚固的建筑.
This building was called a keep.
这栋建筑被称为"保留地".
Many castles were built in places that made them easier to defend.
许多城堡被建造在便于防御的地方.
Many were built in the middle of lakes or on jagged hilltops and cliffs.
许多建于湖泊中间或被堵住的山顶和悬崖上.
This made it hard for attackers to reach the castle.
这使得袭击者很难到达城堡.
The walls were often more than 3 meters (10 ft) thick.
墙壁常有3多米(10英尺)厚.
The walls were topped with crenelations that gave them a sawtooth look.
墙上塞满了油管, 给他们留下了锯齿的外观。
This design protected archers from enemy arrows.
这种设计保护了弓箭手免受敌人的箭.
It also made it more difficult to climb over the walls.
这也使得攀登墙壁更加困难.
The primary entrance was through the main gate.
主出入口从正门出.
But often there were smaller gates around the castle’s walls.
但城堡的城墙周围往往有更小的城门.
These smaller gates were used for extra traffic or for deliveries to the kitchens.
这些更小的大门用于额外的交通或送到厨房。
Castles had many windows to let light in.
城堡有很多窗户可以放光
This meant that fewer candles and torches would be needed to light the rooms and halls.
这意味着需要较少的蜡烛和火炬来点燃房间和大厅.
Windows near the ground were extremely narrow so that attackers could not climb through them.
地上附近的Windows极其狭窄,因此攻击者无法从中爬过.
Since windows high above the ground were difficult to reach, they could be bigger.
由于地上高高的窗户难以接通,因此可能更大.
Most of these larger windows had shutters to keep out bad weather and often had bars to keep invaders out.
这些较大的窗户大多设有遮挡恶劣天气的百叶窗并经常有栏杆来挡住入侵者.
The roofs and floors were made of hard wood.
屋顶和地板由硬木制成.
Many castles had cellars that were used to store food and wine.
许多城堡有用来储存食物和葡萄酒的地窖.
After the Middle Ages, dungeons were built in castle cellars.
中世纪后,地牢被建于城堡地窖.
These dungeons were used to house prisoners.
这些地牢被用来关押囚犯.
The curtain wall and turret of the outer bailey.
外出贝勒的幕墙和炮塔.
Inside the Castle Castles weren’t just designed to be defended.
城堡内部并不只是防御。
They were also designed to make life comfortable for the nobles.
它们也是为了让贵族们过上舒适的生活而设计的.
One of the most important places in a castle was the Great Hall.
一个城堡中最重要的地方之一是大会堂.
It was where meals, entertainment, and feasts were held.
那里有餐会、娱乐会和宴会
It was also where everyone gathered to talk or hold meetings.
这也是大家聚在一起谈话或举行会议的地方。
The kitchens were separated from the Great Hall by long passageways.
厨房由长通道从大会堂分出.
Some kitchens were outside in another building to avoid the risk of the castles’ wooden roofs catching fire.
一些厨房在另一所大楼外,以避免城堡木制屋顶起火的危险。
This meant that food for medieval feasts could arrive at the tables cold or wet with rain!
也就是说中世纪的宴会食物 可以冷地或湿地到达桌边
A castle had enough rooms to house the noble and his extended family.
一座城堡有足够的房间容纳贵族和他的大家庭.
Visitors probably slept on straw mattresses in the Great Hall after the tables had been cleared away.
参观者可能睡在大会堂的草床垫上,因为桌子已经清理干净。
Most castles had spiral staircases.
大多数城堡都有螺旋楼梯.
They wound upward in a clockwise direction.
他们朝上顺时针方向行进
They were built this way to slow down invaders by making it difficult to fight in the stairwells.
他们被建造成这样来减缓入侵者,使得在阶地上作战变得困难.
Built for Defense One of the most important things to consider in castle design was defense.
为国防而建 在城堡设计中需要考虑的最重要的事情之一是防御.
A castle usually had two surrounding walls.
一个城堡通常有两个周围的墙.
The inner wall was taller than the outer one.
内壁比外壁高.
Archers standing on the inner wall could fire their arrows over the defenders on the shorter wall.
站在内墙上的弓箭手可以在较短的墙上向捍卫者开火.
It also made it easier for those on the taller wall to defend against attackers who had reached the lower outer wall.
这也使得高墙上的人更容易抵御已经到达下外墙的攻击者.
The two sets of gates on these walls often opened at opposite ends of the castle.
这些城墙上两组城门经常在城堡的对面打开.
This forced invaders to circle around the inside of the outer wall to find the other gate.
这迫使入侵者环绕外墙内部去寻找另一扇门.
While looking for the second gate, invaders could be hit by the castle guards’ arrows.
在寻找第二道门时,入侵者可能会被城堡守卫的箭击中.
Between the castle walls were the outer and inner wards.
城堡的城墙之间是外侧和内侧的病房.
The outer ward was filled with shops and houses.
外面的病房里布满了商店和房屋.
The inner ward was where the food and weapons were stored, the knights stayed, and water wells were dug.
内地病房是储存食物和武器的地方,骑士们留下来了,还挖了水井.
In the center of the castle was a separate building called the keep.
在城堡中心是一座单独的建筑,叫"保存所".
It was here that the nobility lived.
贵族就住在这里
It was the safest part of the castle and the hardest to enter.
这是城堡最安全的地方 也是最难进入的地方
It was designed so that if the rest of the castle were captured, the nobles could still be defended.
它的设计使得如果其余的城堡被俘虏,贵族们仍然可以被保卫.
Keep Inner Ward Outer Ward Main Gate Archers could stand behind the crenelations for protection.
保持内病房外病房主 门弓箭手可以站在血清后方保护.
People In and Around the Castle During the Middle Ages, life revolved around the church.
中世纪时期的城堡内和周围的人们,生活围绕着教堂来进行.
People believed that God gave the kings and nobles the power to rule.
人们相信上帝赋予了国王和贵族统治的权力.
The church had at least as much power as the king.
教会至少拥有与国王同等多的权力.
It represented the authority that gave the king his right to rule.
它代表了赋予国王统治权的权威.
The king and church had great power.
国王和教会拥有巨大的权力.
They ruled everyone in the kingdom.
他们统治着王国中的每一个人.
Under the king and queen were several other classes of people.
在国王和皇后之下是其他几类人.
The highest class was the nobles.
最高阶级是贵族.
They paid the king a tax for the privilege to control land in his kingdom.
他们向国王交纳了一笔税款,以获得控制他王国土地的特权.
The knights also ranked high in the kingdom.
骑士在王国中也排名高.
Below the knights were the merchants and artisans.
骑士下面是商人和工匠.
And below them were the more common people, such as blacksmiths and shoemakers.
在他们下面是比较普通的人,例如铁匠和鞋匠。
All of these people paid taxes to the nobles.
这些人都向贵族们交了税.
They were allowed to hold land.
他们被允许持有土地。
The lowest class was the peasants.
最低阶层是农民。
They had to remain on the land where they were born.
他们不得不留在出生地。
Peasants did not own land.
农民并不拥有土地。
These farmers had to give much of what they produced to the king and the landowner.
这些农民不得不把生产出来的很多东西给国王和地主.
Castles and War Castles were the targets of many long- running wars.
城堡和战争城堡是许多长期战争的目标。
Sometimes, walls were built around entire towns.
有时,整个城镇周围会建起围墙.
The peasants would defend this town wall for as long as they could.
农民会尽可能地保卫这座城墙
If the town wall were overrun, then knights would defend the outer wall of the castle.
如果城墙被攻克,那么骑士们会保卫城堡外墙.
If that fell, then the inner wall was defended.
如果掉下来,那内墙就被防守了.
And lastly, the center building, or keep, that housed the nobles was defended.
最后,收容贵族的中心建筑,或者保留下来的建筑,被捍卫.
Peasants used very simple tools for farming the land.
农民使用非常简单的工具来耕种土地。
This painting of a siege shows a catapult and a trebuchet.
这幅围城画显示出一出弹弓和一出弹弓.
Defending the castle was not easy.
保卫城堡并不容易
Enemies used many weapons to try to take over a castle.
敌人使用许多武器试图占领一座城堡.
They used large battering rams to hammer away at the castle’s walls and gates.
他们用大打公羊来敲击城堡的城墙和城门。
They used weapons called catapults to hurl rocks, debris, and even dead animals or people over the walls.
他们使用被叫作"弹弓"的武器来将石头,碎片,甚至死亡的动物或人扔入墙上.
Giant slingshot-like weapons called trebuchets were also used to hurl objects over the walls.
还使用了称为弹弓的巨型弹弓式武器来向墙上投掷物体。
And to discourage the castle defenders from rushing out of the castle to attack them, the attackers used giant crossbows mounted on carts.
并为了劝阻城堡卫士们冲出城堡去攻击他们,袭击者使用被架在车上的巨大弩.
Many methods were used to keep attackers from entering a castle.
许多方法被用来阻止攻击者进入城堡.
Holes were cut into the floors of arches above the castle entrance.
洞被切入了城堡入口上方的拱门地层.
Defenders poured burning sand or tar on anyone trying to batter down the gates.
保卫者向试图击倒大门的人倒入了烧沙或焦油.
Newer castles replaced arrow slits with keyhole-shaped windows where cannons could be placed.
更新的城堡用钥匙孔形状的窗户来代替箭片,在那里可以放出大炮.
Art showing an attack on a castle Defenders use a catapult to repel an army that is using a siege tower.
展示攻击城堡的艺术 捍卫者用弹弓击退正在使用包围塔的军队
Meanwhile, soldiers tunnel underneath the moat and break into the castle.
与此同时,士兵们在护城河下穿地道并冲入城堡.
The moat, often filled with water, surrounded the castle.
护城河经常被水所淹没,包围了城堡.
It was difficult to tunnel under a moat, and attackers could not wade across the deep water.
很难在护城河下通地道,袭击者无法穿过深水。
There is a myth that crocodiles were placed in some moats.
有一个神话说鳄鱼被放置在一些护城河。
Some moats did have eels and other kinds of fish in them for food, but there were no crocodiles.
有些护城河确实有鳗鱼和其他种类的鱼来取食,但是没有鳄鱼.
Enemies also dug under castle walls to make them collapse.
敌人也在城堡墙下被挖出来以使它们倒塌.
Sometimes they moved large wooden towers against a wall.
有时他们会把大型的木塔移到一堵墙上.
They then used the towers to climb onto and over the walls.
然后他们利用塔来爬上并翻过墙壁.
Attackers were known to use portable bridges, or barges, to cross the moat and attack a castle.
据悉,攻击者使用便携式桥梁或驳船来穿越护城河并攻击一座城堡。
But often it was not possible to break into a well-built and well-defended castle.
但往往无法闯入一个建造良好和防御良好的城堡.
So the attackers would simply wait for the castle’s residents to run out of food or water.
攻击者只是等待城堡居民的食物或水耗尽。
Moats made castles harder to attack.
Moats使城堡更难被攻击.
A siege tower being used to attack a castle.
用来攻击城堡的包围塔
Around the 1600s, castles became less and less popular.
大约在1600年代左右,城堡越来越不流行.
They were no longer easy to defend because of the use of heavy cannons in warfare.
由于在战争中使用了重炮,所以它们不再容易防御.
The nobles also wanted more comfortable and open places to live.
贵族们也想得到更舒适更开放的地方去生活.
Still, many castles stand today as a reminder of an age gone by.
然而,许多城堡今天站着,提醒人们一个时代已经过去。