Tornadoes
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 How Tornadoes Form.
4 龙卷风的形式。
5 Measuring Tornadoes.
5 测量 " 旋风 " 。
8 Where Tornadoes Form.
8 龙卷风的形式。
9 Tornado Safety.
9"龙卷风安全".
12 Conclusion.
12 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction What can lift roofs from buildings, sweep houses into the air, and rip trees out by the roots?
导言 何能从楼上取出屋顶来,把房屋扫入空中去取出树来取出根来?
Tornadoes can!
龙卷风可以!
Tornadoes come in many sizes.
龙卷风的大小很多
Some tornadoes are narrow—only a few feet (1 meter) across.
有些龙卷风是狭长的,只有几英尺(1米)高。
Others are more than a mile (1.
其他的则超过一英里(1.
6 km) wide.
宽6km).
The biggest tornado on record was almost 2.
纪录中最大的龙卷风几乎是2场.
6 miles wide (4.
宽6英里(4.
2 km).
2公里).
It struck Oklahoma in 2013.
它在2013年袭击了俄克拉荷马州.
Some tornadoes touch down for a short period of time.
一些龙卷风在短时间内触倒.
Others can travel for hundreds of miles, destroying everything in their paths while carrying houses and cars over long distances.
其他人可以行走上百英里,在长途携带房屋和汽车时摧毁了自己道路上的一切.
A powerful tornado that struck St.
强烈的龙卷风袭击了圣塔
Louis, Missouri, in 2011 nearly destroyed this home and overturned an SUV in the driveway.
2011年,密苏里州路易几乎摧毁了这所房子,并推翻了车道上的一辆SUV.
How Tornadoes Form What causes tornadoes?
旋风如何形成 是什么引起龙卷风?
Scientists aren’t sure.
科学家并不确定。
They know that the strongest and most violent tornadoes come from large thunderstorms called supercells.
他们知道最强和最猛烈的龙卷风来自被称作"超级细胞"的大雷暴.
These thunderstorms form when warm, moist air rises into the atmosphere and mixes with cold, dry air higher in the sky.
这些雷暴形成时,温暖而湿润的空气会升入大气层,并会与天空中较高的冷干空气相混合.
A supercell thunderstorm moves across Nebraska in June 2004, leaving a few tornadoes in its path.
2004年6月一场超级细胞雷暴穿越了内布拉斯加州,留下了几场龙卷风.
Scientists think that in some supercells, the warm air rises quickly and the cold air rushes in to replace it.
科学家认为,在一些超级细胞中,温暖的空气会迅速上升而冷空气会冲入来取而代之.
This causes the air to rotate.
这导致空气旋转.
The spinning air begins to form clouds into a funnel shape.
旋转的空气开始将云形成漏斗形状.
The funnel cloud stretches downward with winds up to 300 miles (483 km) per hour.
漏斗云向下延伸,风速可达每小时300英里(483公里).
When the funnel touches the ground, it officially becomes a tornado.
当漏斗触地后,正式成为龙卷风.
This funnel cloud eventually developed into a strong tornado that hit Kansas in 2004 with hail as large as softballs.
这种漏斗云最终发展为强烈的龙卷风,于2004年以和垒球一样大的冰雹袭击了堪萨斯.
Some scientists think that tornadoes occur to balance the temperature and moisture levels in the air.
一些科学家认为龙卷风的出现是为了平衡空气中的温度和水分水平.
How a Tornado Forms supercell thundercloud rain and hail begin to fall warm air rises air spinscool airmoves in air keeps spinning inside the thundercloud air spinning funnel cloud the funnel cloud touches down and travels over land flying debris the tornado damages anything in its path Measuring Tornadoes While scientists are still researching the causes of tornadoes, they have a system for estimating their strength.
龙卷风如何形成超细胞 雷云雨和冰雹 开始降下温暖的空气 空气中旋转的空气 不断在雷云中旋转 虽然科学家仍在研究龙卷风的原因,但他们有一个估计其强度的系统.
A scientist named T.
科学家叫T.
Theodore Fujita developed the Enhanced Fujita scale, known as the EF Scale, as a way to rate a tornado’s strength based on wind speed.
西奥多·藤田开发了增强型藤田尺度,被称作"EF尺度"(EF Scale),作为根据风速对龙卷风强度进行分级的方法.
Because it’s difficult to get close to a tornado, scientists estimate its wind speed by examining the damage it causes.
由于很难接近龙卷风,科学家们通过检查其造成的损害来估计其风速.
The most powerful tornadoes are rated EF-5.
最强大的龙卷风被评为EF-5.
They have winds greater than 200 miles (322 km) per hour.
它们的阵风时速超过200英里(322公里).
Tornado Alley Cold, Dry Air Warm, Moist Air KANSASCOLORADO NEBRASKA SOUTH DAKOTA Where Tornadoes Form Tornadoes may be hard to measure, but scientists have a good idea where they will occur.
" 旋风 " 冷、干热、摩斯航空 南达克塔州 在"龙卷风"形成的地方,"龙卷风"可能很难衡量,但科学家们对它们会在哪里发生有很好的认识.
Although tornadoes can strike anywhere in the world, most tornadoes happen in the United States.
虽然龙卷风可以袭击世界任何地方,但大多数龙卷风发生在美国.
More than one thousand tornadoes per year occur in the central part of the country, also known as Tornado Alley.
中部每年有上千多场龙卷风,又被称作"龙卷风".
It includes parts of South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
它包括了南达科他州,内布拉斯加州,科罗拉多州,堪萨斯州,俄克拉荷马州和德克萨斯州等地的部分地区.
TORNADO ALLEY OKLAHOMA TEXAS Tornadoes are most active in the warmer months of the year when thunderstorms are more common.
托纳多艾莉 OKLAHOMA TEXAS 龙卷风最活跃于一年中雷暴更常见的更温暖的月份.
In Tornado Alley, warm, moist air travels north from the Gulf of Mexico.
在"龙卷风"中,温暖而潮湿的空气从墨西哥湾向北行走.
This air mixes with cool, dry air moving south from Canada.
这种空气混合了凉爽干燥的空气从加拿大向南移动.
The mixing of the air from the north and south creates perfect conditions for a tornado.
从南北向混合出空气为龙卷风创造了完美的条件.
A massive tornado in Moore, Oklahoma, in 2013 left behind a clear path of its destruction.
2013年俄克拉何马州摩尔发生大规模龙卷风,留下了一条明确的破坏路径.
Famous Tornadoes A tornado in 1925 traveled more than 300 miles (483 km) through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana.
出名的龙卷风 1925年的一场龙卷风经过了密苏里州,伊利诺伊州和印第安纳州等地的300多英里(483公里).
It killed 695 people, the highest number of people killed by a tornado in U.
它造成695人死亡,是U区被龙卷风所杀人数最多的.
S.
师曰.
history.
历史
In 1992, a tornado in Mississippi carried a baby up into the air and left the child hanging from the branch of a tree.
1992年,密西西比州一场龙卷风将一婴儿抬上空中,并让孩子从一棵树的树枝上被吊起.
The baby was hurt but lived.
宝宝受伤了,但还活着。
Two huge storm systems in April 1974 and April 2011 each produced hundreds of tornadoes.
1974年4月和2011年4月的两个巨大的风暴系统各产生数百个龙卷风.
In May 2011, an EF-5 tornado struck Missouri.
2011年5月,一场EF-5龙卷风袭击了密苏里州.
This tornado crushed cars and trucks and destroyed more than seven thousand homes.
这场龙卷风粉碎了汽车和卡车并摧毁了七千多所房屋.
In March 2012, a giant tornado swept through Henryville, Indiana.
2012年3月,一场巨大的龙卷风席卷了印第安纳州亨利维尔.
It was enormous—150 yards (137 m) wide— and traveled a far distance—52 miles (84 km).
它是巨大的——150码(137米)宽——并远行——52英里(84公里)。
A tornado that hit Kansas in 2003 was so powerful that it caused a child’s bicycle to wrap around a tree.
2003年袭击堪萨斯州的龙卷风威力很大,导致儿童自行车围住一棵树。
The tornado that struck Henryville, Indiana, in March 2012 caused thirty-nine deaths in five states.
2012年3月袭击印第安纳州亨利维尔的龙卷风在五个州造成39人死亡.
Tornado Safety Tornadoes are very dangerous, so scientists try to warn people before a tornado strikes.
旋风安全 龙卷风非常危险,所以科学家试图在龙卷风来袭前警告人们.
At the National Severe Storm Laboratory, scientists use tools that scan a thunderstorm for possible tornado conditions in less than a minute.
在"国家严重风暴"实验室,科学家使用工具扫描出雷暴在不到一分钟内可能出现龙卷风的情况.
However, there’s no way to predict when a tornado will strike.
无法预测龙卷风何时会来袭。
The National Weather Service (NWS) has a system to try to help people stay safe during tornadoes.
国家气象局(NWS)有一个系统,试图帮助人们在龙卷风期间保持安全.
The NWS issues a tornado watch when it’s very possible that a tornado will strike soon.
当龙卷风很快会袭击时,
During a tornado watch, people should prepare in case a tornado does actually form.
在龙卷风观察期间 人们应该准备以防龙卷风真的形成
The NWS issues a tornado warning when a tornado has actually been spotted.
核武器国家发出龙卷风警告 当龙卷风实际被发现时
At this point, it’s time to take action and get to a safe place.
现在是时候采取行动,
Some towns and cities install sirens that sound to warn people once a tornado has been spotted.
一些城镇安装了警报器,一旦发现龙卷风就会发出警告。
In the event of a tornado warning, go indoors, into a basement if possible.
遇有龙卷风警报,请到室内去,如有可能,进地下室.
You can also go into a closet or bathroom.
也可以去衣柜或洗手间.
Try to stay away from windows because a tornado can easily blast through the glass.
尽量远离窗户 因为龙卷风很容易从玻璃上爆炸
Flying debris becomes very dangerous during a tornado, so it is a good idea to have protection against it.
飞行碎片在龙卷风期间变得非常危险,因此有防范的好办法.
Crouch down low to the ground, beneath a heavy table or desk if possible.
蹲下到地上, 在一个沉重的桌子或桌子下面,如果可能的话。
This sign alerts people that a shelter is nearby where they can find safety in the event of a tornado.
这个标志提醒人们,在附近有一个避难所,在发生龙卷风时他们可以在那里找到安全.
This underground shelter was built to provide protection from tornadoes, such as the one that destroyed the house next to the shelter.
建造这个地下避难所是为了提供防龙卷风的保护,比如摧毁了避难所旁边的房子.
Otherwise, cover yourself with a mattress or blankets.
否则,用床垫或被子来遮住自己.
You can even crouch down in a bathtub.
你甚至可以在浴缸里蹲下
Always place your hands over your head.
总是把你的手放在头上。
If you are in a tall building, go into a stairwell.
如果你在高楼里 就去楼梯间
Do not stay inside a mobile home.
不要待在移动房屋里。
If you’re in a car and can’t escape the tornado, park the car, leave your seatbelt on, and lean forward.
如果你在一辆车上, 无法从龙卷风中逃脱,
If you’re stuck outdoors and can’t find shelter, lie down flat on the ground, far away from trees.
如果你被困在户外, 找不到避难所,
Students practice for a tornado strike by going into a hallway and covering their heads.
学生们通过走入走廊并遮住头部来练习龙卷风袭击.
Conclusion Tornadoes are amazing—and scary— examples of the power of nature.
龙卷风是自然力量的惊人而可怕的例子。
Much more work needs to be done before we can fully understand these awesome weather events.
在充分了解这些可怕的天气事件之前,还需要做更多的工作。
Weather scientists are working to invent better ways to tell when a tornado is coming.
气象学家正在研究更好的方法 来判断龙卷风何时来临
Many questions remain, however.
然而,许多问题依然存在。
What are the exact conditions within a supercell that cause a tornado to form?
造成龙卷风的超级细胞内部的确切条件是什么?
What is the inside of a tornado really like?
龙卷风的内在是什么样子?
Perhaps one day we’ll find out.
也许有一天我们会发现。
A weather scientist studies approaching storms on weather maps.
一位气象科学家在气象图上研究风暴逼近.