Labor Day
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Back to School.
回校目录.
4 Machines and Workers.
4机器与工人.
5 Tough Jobs.
5个艰苦的工作。
6 Child Labor.
6 童工。
7 Workers Join Together.
7名工人联合起来。
8 Help from Congress.
8 来自国会的帮助.
10 A New Holiday.
10个新假期
13 A Better Future.
13 “更美好的未来”。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Back to School Many students in the United States go back to school right after Labor Day, the first Monday in September.
16回学校 美国许多学生在9月第一个星期一的"劳动节"(Labour Day)后立即返回学校.
For those students, this holiday means the end of summer.
对于这些学生来说,这个假期意味着夏天的结束.
It’s a time to have fun before the school year starts.
在学年开始前,
Government offices and many businesses close.
政府办公室和许多企业关闭。
Many towns and cities hold parades and picnics.
许多城镇举行游行和野餐.
Labor Day isn’t just a day to take it easy, though.
劳工日不仅仅是放轻松的日子。
It’s also a day to honor American workers, past and present.
这也是纪念美国工人的一天,
To understand what Labor Day honors, it’s important to learn about the history of workers in the United States.
要了解劳动节的荣誉,了解美国工人的历史很重要。
Cheer squad members march down Main Street during a Labor Day parade in Newtown, Connecticut.
在康涅狄格州Newtown的劳动节游行中,啦啦队成员向下走去主街.
Machines and Workers In the late 1700s and early 1800s, many new kinds of machines were invented.
机器和工人 在1700年代后期和1800年代初,许多新的机器被发明出.
People who had money to buy the machines started to make more money.
有钱买机器的人开始赚到更多的钱.
However, machines now did jobs that poorer people used to do.
然而,机器现在做的工作却比穷人多。
Many of those people moved to cities and went to work in factories.
其中许多人移居到城市,去工厂工作.
They no longer had any other way to make money.
他们再也没有其他方法赚钱了。
Many factory owners wanted to pay workers as little as possible.
许多工厂业主想尽可能少地支付工人的工资.
Workers were afraid they would lose their jobs if they asked for more money.
工人担心如果要求更多的钱,就会失业.
In the 1800s, low pay, long working hours, and unsafe workplaces were common.
在1800年代,工资低、工作时间长和不安全的工作场所很常见。
Horses did much of the work in the time before machines.
马在机器之前的时间里做了很多工作.
A farmer uses a tractor to plow a field in 1925.
1925年农民用拖拉机耕田.
Tough Jobs Many workers in the 1800s didn’t get much time off.
艰苦的工作 许多工人在1800年代没有多少休息时间。
At that time, the United States had no rules about how many hours people worked each day or week.
当时,美国对人们每天或每周工作多少小时没有规定.
Many factory workers worked one hundred hours a week!
许多工厂工人每周工作100小时!
(That’s about fourteen hours every day.)
每天大约14小时。
They worked as much as they were told to because they didn’t want to lose their jobs.
因为他们不想丢掉工作,
Women work in a factory in 1870.
1870年,妇女在一个工厂工作.
Long hours and crowded spaces were common in factories at that time.
长时间和拥挤的空间在当时工厂很常见.
Child Labor Many children were also forced to work.
童工 许多儿童也被迫工作。
By the early 1800s, about two million children were working in mills or factories.
到1800年代初,约有200万儿童在磨坊或工厂工作.
Children often held jobs before the age of seven.
儿童通常在7岁之前从事工作。
Many worked six days a week for up to eighteen hours each day.
许多人每周工作六天,每天最多18小时。
They had little time for rest and no time for school or play.
他们几乎没有时间休息,也没有时间上学或玩耍。
Many children became sick from the long hours at work.
许多儿童因长时间工作而生病。
At the end of the 1800s, only twenty-eight states had laws against child labor.
1800年代末,只有28个州制定了禁止童工的法律.
Here, three boys aged ten to twelve work as cutters in a fish cannery in Eastport, Maine.
在这里,三个10到12岁的男孩在缅因州Eastport的一家鱼罐头厂当切割工。
Workers Join Together Over time, workers wanted more of a say in how they were treated.
工人联合起来 随着时间的推移,工人们希望更多地了解他们受到的待遇。
Groups of workers came together to form labor unions to protect their rights in the workplace.
工人团体聚集在一起组成工会,以保护他们在工作场所的权利。
Labor unions try to get companies to agree to better hours, pay, and safer workplaces.
工会试图让公司同意更好的工作时间、薪酬和更安全的工作场所。
Unions sometimes call for workers to stop working, or strike, to get a better deal at their jobs.
工会有时呼吁工人停止工作或罢工,以获得更好的工作协议.
In 1869, President Ulysses S.
1869年,总统尤利西斯·斯.
Grant made a new rule that government workers only had to work eight hours each day.
格兰特制定了一条新规则,规定政府工作人员每天只需工作8小时.
Soon after, people started working to get a law passed that would do the same for all workers.
不久之后,人们开始努力争取通过一部对所有工人都一样的法律.
Many unions have their own seal that they put on things they work on or make.
许多工会有自己的印章,它们把工作或制作的东西贴上.
Union seals are a mark of pride and also let shoppers know what goods were made by union workers.
工会印章是骄傲的标志,也让店主知道工会工人制造了什么商品.
Many company owners didn’t like the idea of an eight-hour workday.
许多公司老板不喜欢8小时工作日的想法。
But over time, things started to change.
但随着时间的推移,情况开始发生变化。
In 1906, two large companies switched to an eight-hour workday.
1906年,两所大公司改用8小时工作日.
Twenty years later, the Ford Motor Company began a five-day, forty-hour workweek.
20年后,福特汽车公司开始每周工作五天,40小时.
The company believed that well-rested workers did their jobs better.
公司认为,反应良好的工人做得更好.
Labor Unions Today Union membership in many businesses has dropped since the 1970s.
自1970年代以来,许多企业的今天工会会员人数已经减少。
However, unions for government workers are growing.
然而,政府工作人员工会正在增加。
Teachers, postal workers, firefighters, and police officers all have powerful unions.
教师、邮政工人、消防员和警官都拥有强大的工会。
Today, more than fourteen million people in the United States are union members.
今天,美国有1400多万人是工会会员.
Workers march while on strike for an eight-hour workday in New York City in 1872.
工人在罢工期间游行,1872年在纽约市工作了8小时.
Help from Congress In 1938, Congress passed an important group of laws to help workers.
国会的帮助 1938年,国会通过一批重要法律来帮助工人.
The laws said a workweek could not be more than forty-four hours.
法律规定每周工作时间不得超过44小时。
to meet their basic needs.
满足他们的基本需要。
Minimum Wage When the Fair Labor Standards Act passed in 1938, the minimum wage was $0.
公平劳动标准时的最低工资 1938年通过的法案,最低工资为0.
25 per hour.
每小时25分
(That would be $4.
(即4美元。)
11 in 2016.)
2016年11个. )
In 2016, the U.
2016年,获U.
S.
师曰.
minimum wage was $7.
最低工资为7美元。
25 per hour.
每小时25分
States are free to set it higher, and many have.
各国可以自由地提高这一水平,许多国家已经这样做了。
President Franklin D.
富兰克林·德总统.
Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act in 1935.
1935年罗斯福签署了"社会保障法".
The act was one of several steps taken to help American workers have better lives.
该法案是帮助美国工人过上更好的生活的几个步骤之一.
The laws also said hourly workers had to be paid extra when they worked more than forty hours each week.
法律还规定,当工人每周工作超过40小时时,必须支付额外报酬。
Workers earn one-and-a-half times their usual hourly rate for each extra hour they work.
工人每个额外工作时间的小时工资是正常小时工资的1.5倍。
This law was meant to keep companies from forcing people to work too many hours.
这项法律旨在防止公司强迫人们工作过多的时间。
The laws also made safety rules and said that young children could not work at many types of jobs.
这些法律还制定了安全规则,并说幼儿不能从事许多类型的工作。
Children now had to be sixteen years old to work during school hours.
现在,儿童必须年满16岁才能在课时工作。
They could be fourteen for some after-school jobs.
他们可能14 在一些课后工作。
During the 1894 Pullman Strike, railroad workers struck for over two months because of wage cuts that hurt their families.
在1894年的"普尔曼罢工"中,铁路工人因为削减工资伤害了家人而罢工了两个多月.
Math Minute A worker’s rate of pay is $15.
数学分钟 劳动者的工资标准为15美元。
00 per hour.
每小时00分
How much does that worker earn in a forty-hour workweek?
这个工人每周工作40小时挣多少钱?
How much does he or she earn in a week with ten hours of overtime?
用十小时加班一周能赚多少钱?
Answers: $600; $825 Key People in the Labor Movement Mother Jones (Mary Harris Jones, 1837–1930) helped coal miners in the early 1900s.
回答:600;825 劳工运动的关键人物 母亲琼斯(Mary Harris Jones,1837–1930)在1900年代早期帮助了煤矿工人.
Union members called her “Mother” because of her hard work on behalf of the miners.
工会成员称她为“母亲”,因为她为矿工做了辛勤工作。
She traveled across the United States to help striking miners and to end child labor.
她横行美国各地帮助打击矿工并结束童工.
Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was president of the American Federation of Labor for almost forty years.
塞缪尔·贡珀斯(1850–1924)曾出任美国劳工联合会主席近40年.
He believed in the power of collective bargaining—talks between union leaders and business owners to reach agreements that helped both sides.
他相信集体谈判的力量——工会领导人与企业主之间的对话,以达成有助于双方的协议。
Through his leadership, collective bargaining became the model for how most unions work today.
通过他的领导,集体谈判成为了当今大多数工会如何运作的模式.
Eugene Debs (1855–1926) helped found major labor unions for railroad workers and industrial workers.
尤金·德布斯(1855–1926)帮助找到了铁路工人和工业工人的主要工会.
He ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920.
他在1900年至1920年间五次竞选总统.
Debs traveled the country helping workers bargain with their employers.
德布斯出国帮助工人与雇主讨价还价。
César Chávez (1927–1993) was forced by hardship to become a migrant farm worker when he was eleven.
César Chávez(1927-1993)在11岁时因艰苦而被迫成为农民农场工人.
In 1962, Chávez helped found what later became the United Farm Workers.
1962年,查韦斯帮助找到了后来成为"联合农场工人"的东西.
This labor union works for the rights, safety, and fair treatment of migrant farm workers.
这个工会致力于农民农场工人的权利、安全和公平待遇。
A New Holiday Labor Day was first celebrated in New York City in 1882.
1882年纽约市首次庆祝了"新假日"劳动节.
In 1887, Oregon became the first state to pass a law making Labor Day a holiday.
1887年,俄勒冈州成为第一个通过法律使"劳动日"成为假日的州.
Thirty more states did the same before the U.
还有30个州在U之前也做了同样的事情.
S.
师曰.
for the whole nation in 1894.
1894年为全国服务.
Workers march as part of a Labor Day celebration in 1882 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
工人游行是1882年在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡举行的劳动节庆祝活动的一部分.
Canada also celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday in September.
加拿大还庆祝了9月第一个星期一的劳动节.
More than sixty other countries instead celebrate a holiday to honor workers on May 1.
其他60多个国家则在5月1日庆祝纪念工人的节日.
The president and other people give speeches on Labor Day.
总统和其他人在劳动日发表演讲.
Many towns and cities hold parades and other celebrations.
许多城镇举行游行和其他庆祝活动.
This holiday also marks the beginning of the fall sports season.
这一节日也标志着秋季运动季的开始.
Canadian ironworkers march together during a Labor Day parade in Toronto, Ontario.
加拿大铁工人在安大略省多伦多的劳动节游行中一起游行.
A Better Future Workers standing together changed the way they were treated and paid.
一个更好的未来工人站在一起改变了他们的待遇和报酬。
They set limits for working hours and made workplaces safer.
它们规定了工作时间限制,使工作场所更加安全。
They ended child labor and made the lives of workers better.
他们结束了童工,使工人的生活得到改善。
Labor Day honors all these things.
劳动节纪念所有这些东西.
It also honors the efforts of American workers to build their country.
它也尊重美国工人为建设国家而作的努力.
So enjoy a day off on Labor Day and have some fun.
所以请在劳动节休息一天 玩得开心点
Also take a moment to remember the people who worked to make the lives of every American worker better.
也要花点时间去纪念那些努力让每一个美国工人的生活更美好的人.
Workers wear safety gear while working in a modern bolt factory.
工人在现代螺栓工厂工作时会穿安全用具.
Today’s factories are much safer than many were in the past.
今天的工厂比过去许多工厂安全得多。
Glossary factories (n.)
词汇工厂(n.)
a building where machines and people make goods (p.
一个机器和人制造商品的建筑(p.
5) labor (n.)
5) 劳动(n.
hard physical work or the workers who do the work (p.
体力劳动或劳动劳动者(p.
4) labor unions (n.)
4)工会(无)