Galileo
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Galileo’s Childhood.
4 伽利略的童年.
5 The Student.
5"学生".
6 The Professor.
6 该教授。
8 The Astronomer.
8 天文学家.
9 In Trouble with the Church.
9 在与教会的麻烦。
12 Science After Galileo.
12 科学后伽利略。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 MEDITERRANEAN SEA Italy Sicily France Switzerland Austria Corsica Sardinia Pisa Rome 0 100miles kilometers MEDITERRANEAN SEA Spain Germany France England Italy Rome ATLANTIC OCEAN Introduction What do a chandelier and the planet Venus have in common?
16 地中海 意大利 西西里 法国 瑞士 奥地利 科西嘉 萨丁尼亚 比萨罗马0100公里 地中海 意大利 意大利 罗马 导言 一个吊灯和金星星球有什么共同点?
They each played a part in the discoveries of one of history’s greatest scientists five hundred years ago.
他们各自在五百年前发现 历史上最伟大的科学家中扮演了角色。
His name was Galileo Galilei.
他的名字叫伽利略·加利莱.
Galileo’s Childhood Galileo was born in Italy in 1564.
伽利略的童年伽利略于1564年生于意大利.
From a young age, he was good at asking questions.
从小擅长问问题.
Though his questions got him in trouble, Galileo changed the way we understand the world.
虽然他的问题让他陷入了困境,但伽利略改变了我们对世界的理解.
The Student As a young man, Galileo wanted to learn about math and physics (the science of matter, energy, and motion).
学生 作为一个年轻人,伽利略想学习数学和物理学(物质,能量和运动的科学).
He made one of his first discoveries in physics a year before he entered university.
他在进入大学前一年就做出了物理学方面的第一批发现之一.
One day in 1582, Galileo watched a chandelier hanging from the ceiling inside a church.
1582年的一天,伽利略在教堂内观看了吊灯从天花板上悬挂.
He saw that the wind outside was making the chandelier swing back and forth.
他看见外面的风使吊灯回旋而去.
He also saw something strange.
他也看到了一些奇怪的东西。
Although some swings were wider than others, every swing took exactly the same amount of time.
虽然有些摇摆比其他摇摆要大,但每次摇摆需要的时间完全相同.
By watching the chandelier, Galileo discovered that a weight that swings back and forth can keep time.
通过观看吊灯,伽利略发现回旋回旋的重量可以保持时间.
Later, he figured out how to build a clock using this idea.
后来,他想出如何利用这个想法来建造一个时钟.
Clocks like his are still in use today.
像他这样的时钟今天仍在使用.
Galileo did not study math when he first entered university in 1583.
1583年伽利略首次入大学时没有学习数学.
His father wanted him to become a doctor instead.
他的父亲希望他成为一名医生。
Galileo’s study of medicine never interested him much, though.
不过,伽利略的医学研究对他并不感兴趣。
In fact, he never finished his studies; he left university in 1585 because of money problems.
事实上,他从未完成学业;他于1585年因金钱问题而离开大学.
For the next four years, Galileo taught math.
在接下来的四年里,伽利略教授了数学.
However, he did not give up his interest in science.
然而,他并没有放弃对科学的兴趣.
Grandfather clocks such as this one still use pendulums to keep time.
爷爷的钟,像这个一样的钟 仍然使用倒数计时。
The Professor In 1589, Galileo returned to the university as a math professor.
1589年,教授伽利略回到大学出任数学教授.
He continued to ask questions and test things.
他继续提问和测试事情。
For example, he did several tests with falling objects to see what would happen.
例如,他用掉落的物体进行了几次测试,以了解会发生什么.
However, the discoveries that would make him famous were still to come.
然而,能够使他出名的发现仍会来.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
There is a famous story about one of Galileo’s experiments.
关于伽利略的实验有一个出名的故事。
When he was a young professor, the story goes, he dropped two cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
当他还是一位年轻的教授时,故事开始,他从比萨的"取出""取出""取出""取出""取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"的"取出"取出"取出"取出"出"取出"出"出"出"取出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"出"
One cannonball was much heavier than the other, but they fell at the same speed.
一枚炮弹比另一枚重得多,但它们以同样的速度下降.
Today, it’s not certain whether Galileo really tossed cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
现在还不能确定伽利略是否真的从比萨灵塔抛出炮弹。
The Astronomer In 1609, Galileo heard about a “spyglass” invented in the Netherlands.
1609年,伽利略听说荷兰发明了"镜".
When a person looked through the spyglass, faraway objects looked closer.
当一个人通过间谍镜看时,远方物体看起来更近.
Galileo had never seen a spyglass, but he figured out how to build one.
伽利略从未见过一副间谍眼镜,但他想出了如何建造一副.
Soon he was able to make objects far away look thirty times bigger.
很快他就能让远处的物体看起来大了30倍
In other words, Galileo built a telescope.
换句话说,伽利略建造了望远镜.
He began to use his telescope to study the night sky.
他开始用望远镜研究夜空.
Galileo’s telescope changed his life, and science, forever.
伽利略的望远镜改变了他的生活 和科学,永远。
With his telescope, Galileo made discovery after discovery.
伽利略用他的望远镜在发现后发现了.
He saw that the surface of the Sun sometimes had dark spots on it.
他看到太阳表面有时有暗地.
He discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons.
他发现了木星的四颗最大的月球.
He was the first person to see that the planet Venus appeared to change shape, just as the Moon does.
他是第一个看到"金星"行星看起来和"月球"一样会改变形状的人.
Sometimes Venus looked like a full circle, and sometimes it was just a thin slice of light in the night sky.
有时金星外观像一圆圆形,有时只是夜空中一薄片光.
Galileo put some of these discoveries in a book called The Starry Messenger in 1610.
伽利略在1610年将其中一些发现放入了"星际使者"一书.
The book made Galileo famous— but fame had a price.
这本书使伽利略出名——但名声是有代价的.
Galileo sketched the surface of the Moon (left) as he saw it through his telescope in 1610.
伽利略于1610年通过望远镜对月球表面(左)进行了描绘.
NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) sent a probe to map the surface of the Moon in 1992 (right).
NASA(美国国家航空航天局)于1992年派出了探测器来测绘月球表面(右侧).
Sun full new crescent Earth crescent During Galileo’s time, many people believed that Earth was the center of our solar system.
在伽利略时期,许多人认为地球是太阳系的中心。
They thought the other planets and the Sun moved around Earth.
他们认为其他行星和太阳环绕地球移动.
They also thought that planets such as Venus moved in small circles as they made a big circle around Earth.
他们还认为,金星等行星在环绕地球形成一个大圆圈时会以小圆圈来移动.
This would mean that Venus would only appear as a crescent shape in the night sky when seen from Earth.
这意味着金星只有在从地球看到夜空时才会以月亮外形出现.
Galileo saw through his telescope that Venus had many different shapes when seen from Earth.
伽利略通过望远镜看到从地球看到金星时有许多不同的形状.
These changing shapes suggested that Venus and Earth were both moving around the Sun.
这些变化中的形状表明,金星和地球都在围绕太阳运动.
Sun new new crescent Venus Earth crescent Sun’s orbit of Earth Venus’s orbit of Earth nearly full nearly full half half In Trouble with the Church Galileo’s discoveries about the solar system got him in trouble.
太阳的新月亮 地星的新月亮 地星的轨道 地星的轨道 地球的轨道 近一半的轨道 在教会伽利略发现太阳系时,
The Catholic Church was not happy about his ideas because they were different from Church teachings.
天主教会对他的想法并不满意,因为这些想法不同于教会的教义.
For centuries, the Church had taught that Earth was the center of our solar system.
几个世纪以来,教会一直教导地球是太阳系的中心。
The Church believed the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all moved around Earth.
教会相信太阳,月亮,行星,和恒星都环绕地球移动.
But Galileo’s discovery of the changing shape of Venus didn’t fit this picture.
但伽利略发现金星外形正在变化,
Taken together, Galileo’s discoveries were big clues that the solar system moved around the Sun, not Earth.
总而言之,伽利略的发现是太阳系环绕太阳移动的大线索,而不是地球.
He was not the first person to come up with this idea.
他不是第一个提出这个想法的人。
However, his discoveries were the best proof yet that Earth was not the center of our solar system.
然而,他的发现是最佳的证明 地球不是我们太阳系的中心
The Church did not like this idea.
教会不喜欢这个想法。
At that time, the Church could put people on trial for ideas that went against Church teachings.
当时,教会可以将人们用于审判那些违背教会教义的思想.
In 1633, the Church put Galileo on trial and found him guilty.
1633年,教会对伽利略进行了审判并认定他有罪.
Galileo was forced to say that his discoveries had been lies, even though he knew they were not.
伽利略被迫说他的发现是谎言,尽管他知道它们不是.
The Church ordered Galileo to stay in his home for the rest of his life.
教会命令伽利略在家中度过余生.
He was also told not to publish any more books.
他还被告知不再出版任何书籍。
Galileo continued to write down his ideas anyway.
伽利略继续写下他的想法
He published his final book, Two New Sciences, in 1638.
他于1638年出版了他的最后一书"两个新科学".
At this point, Galileo had become blind, and his health was poor.
此时,伽利略已经失明了,他的健康也很差.
He died in 1642 of natural causes.
1642年因自然原因去世.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A popular, but unproven, story says that Galileo “talked back” to the judges at his trial.
一个很受欢迎但未经证实的故事说,伽利略在审判时“回到”法官面前。
The story says that Galileo whispered, “And yet it moves” under his breath after he was forced to say that Earth did not move around the Sun.
故事说,伽利略在被迫说地球没有绕太阳运动之后,低声说道,“然而它却在呼吸下移动”。
This story is not included in the records of the trial and is probably not true.
这个故事没有包括在审判记录中,而且可能不是真的.
However, the words “and yet it moves” have become very famous; people quote them even today.
然而,“然而它却在移动”一词已经变得非常出名;人们甚至在今天也引用了这些词语。
Science After Galileo We now know that Galileo was right: Earth does move around the Sun.
伽利略之后的科学 我们现在知道伽利略是对的:地球在太阳周围移动。
Galileo’s gift for asking important questions helped him make some of the greatest discoveries of his time.
伽利略提出重要问题的天赋帮助他做了一些他时代最伟大的发现.
Galileo was the first scientist to say that the laws of nature could be written down using math.
伽利略是第一个说自然规律可以用数学来写下来的科学家.
He was also one of the first scientists to always use measurements in his experiments.
他也是最早在实验中始终使用测量方法的科学家之一.
In this way, he made it easier for other scientists to test his ideas.
这样一来,他让其他科学家更容易测试他的想法.
Galileo was a model for many scientists who followed him, including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.
伽利略是许多跟随他的科学家的模型,包括艾萨克·牛顿和阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦.
Today, we call him the father of modern science.
今天,我们称他为现代科学之父。
Science and the Catholic Church In 1757, the Catholic Church removed Galileo’s book from a list of banned books.
科学和天主教会 1757年,天主教会将伽利略的书从被禁书列表中移除.
In 1992, the Church cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing.
1992年,教会为伽利略洗清了任何不当行为.
The modern Church accepts proven scientific facts and has supported scientific research for centuries.
现代教会接受已证实的科学事实,并一直支持了几个世纪的科学研究.
Glossary chandelier (n.)
词汇吊灯(n.
a fancy light fixture that hangs from the ceiling, often with branches for holding lights (p.
从天花板上吊起的花式灯具,常有树枝用于牵取灯光(p.
4) experiments (n.)
4) 实验(n.
scientific tests or trials (p.
科学试验或试验(p.
15) laws of nature (n.)
15) 自然法 (n.
(n.)
(无)