Mighty Glaciers
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Types of Glaciers.
4 冰川类型。
5 How Do Glaciers Grow?
5 冰川如何生长?
7 How Do Glaciers Move?
冰川如何移动?
9 Changing the Earth.
页:1 改变地球。
12 When Glaciers Melt.
12 当冰川融化。
15 Conclusion.
15 结论。
16 Glossary.
16 词汇表。
18 Introduction The Earth’s surface constantly changes.
导言 地球表面不断变化。
Wind, water, and heat wear down mountains and crack stone.
有风 有水 有热会磨山 有裂石
But some of the most dramatic changes are caused by giant pieces of ice and rock called glaciers (GLAY-shers).
但一些最戏剧性的变化是由被称作"冰川"(GLAY-shers)的冰块和岩石所出.
Glaciers move slowly over the land.
冰川在陆地上缓慢移动.
They carve out cliffs, valleys, and prairies as they go.
他们挖出悬崖、山谷和草原
When glaciers melt, they leave behind lakes, rivers, and hills of soil and boulders.
冰川融化后会留下湖泊,河流,以及土壤和巨石丘陵.
Glaciers are like massive rivers of ice.
冰川就像巨大的冰河一样
Types of Glaciers Two common types of glaciers are continental glaciers and valley glaciers.
冰川类型 两种常见的冰川为大陆冰川和谷地冰川.
Continental glaciers form at the north and south poles of the Earth.
大陆冰川由地上南北两极形成.
These huge sheets of ice cover vast stretches of land.
这些巨大的冰盖覆盖了广阔的土地.
Continental glaciers can be so thick that only the tops of mountains stick out above them.
大陆冰川可以如此厚厚,只有高地上方的山地才有悬浮.
Much of Greenland and Antarctica are buried beneath continental glaciers.
格陵兰和南极洲的大部分被埋在大陆冰川下.
Valley glaciers form on high mountains that rise above the snow line.
谷地冰川形成于雪线上方高山上.
Above the snow line, snow covers the ground all year.
在雪线上方,全年有地被雪覆盖.
Even in the tropics, valley glaciers can form on the tallest peaks.
即使在热带地区,谷地冰川也能在最高的山峰上形成.
Like rivers of ice, valley glaciers move through long, narrow valleys.
和冰河一样,山谷冰川也穿过了漫长而狭窄的山谷.
This huge continental glacier covers almost all of Antarctica.
这片巨大的大陆冰川几乎覆盖了南极洲的全部.
Pasterze Glacier in Austria is a valley glacier.
奥地利的帕斯克泽冰川是谷地冰川.
How Do Glaciers Grow?
冰川如何生长?
In some places, the temperature stays below freezing for most of the year.
在有些地方,温度在一年的大部分时间里都保持在冰冻以下.
Snow piles up much faster than it melts.
积雪比融化快得多
Each new layer of snow presses down on the snow beneath it.
每层新积雪都压在雪地下方
The lower layers of snow become squashed, or compressed.
下层积雪被压碎,或被压缩.
The compressed snowflakes become ice crystals called firn.
被压缩的雪花会变成冰晶,称为"花生".
The firn crystals squash together as more and more snow presses down on them.
随着越来越多的雪压在地上 火花晶体会挤出一起
Eventually, the firn turns into a huge slab of ice known as a glacier.
最终,裂缝变成了被称作冰川的巨大冰块.
SNOW FIRN SOLID ICE Snow piles up and squashes the snow underneath it, eventually turning it into ice.
雪花固态冰 雪堆起并压平了下面的雪,最终将其变成冰.
Glaciers form on high mountains where snow does not melt.
冰川形成在高山上 雪不会融化
How Do Glaciers Move?
冰川如何移动?
Glaciers begin to move when they reach about 30 meters (100 ft) thick.
冰川在达到约30米(100英尺)厚后开始移动.
That’s about as high as a 12-story building.
这大概和12层楼一样高。
The glaciers become so heavy that gravity pulls them downhill.
冰川变得很重 引力把它们拉下山坡
Gravity is a force that pulls things toward the center of the Earth.
引力是一种把东西拉向地心的力量.
It makes objects fall and roll down slopes.
它使物体倒下并倒下坡地.
The movement of a glacier is called flow.
冰川的移动称为流动.
The heavy ice at the top of a glacier compresses the ice below it.
冰川顶部的重冰会压缩下方的冰.
Even above the snow line, ice melts when it is tightly compressed.
即使在雪线上方,冰被紧紧地压缩后会融化.
The melted ice becomes slippery, allowing the glacier to slide.
被融化的冰会变得滑动,让冰川滑行.
Sometimes, the top layers of ice move faster than the bottom layers.
有时,冰层上层的移动速度会快于下层.
The ice cracks.
冰开相克.
A crack in a glacier, called a crevasse (kre-VAHS), can be hundreds of meters deep.
冰川中的裂口被称作克瑞活塞(kre-VAHS),可以有数百米深.
A hiker stands near a deep crevasse.
一个徒步者站在一个深处
This Alaskan glacier flows downhill.
这片阿拉斯加冰川向下游流出.
Continental glaciers form in the middle of continents.
大陆冰川在大陆中部形成.
They flow toward the coasts.
它们流向海岸
Valley glaciers flow down mountains.
谷地冰川从山上流出.
A fast glacier can flow 20 meters (70 ft) in one day.
快速冰川可以在一天内流出20米(70英尺).
But that is very unusual.
但这是非常不寻常的。
Most glaciers travel only a few centimeters (less than 1 in) to 30 centimeters (1 ft) a day.
大多数冰川每天只行走几厘米(不足一英寸)至30厘米(1英尺).
Changing the Earth Like giant bulldozers, glaciers push piles of rocks and soil as they slide forward.
冰川像巨型推土机一样改变地球 当岩石和土壤向前滑动时 将堆积而成
These piles are called moraines.
这些堆被称作"摩雷因".
Some of the rocks and soil get stuck in the ice.
一些岩石和土壤被卡入冰中.
The rocks scrape the land beneath the glacier, leaving huge scars.
岩石刮去冰川下方的土地 留下了巨大的伤疤
Valley glaciers flow downhill.
谷地冰川从山上下行.
Continental glaciers flow toward the coasts.
大陆冰川流向海岸.
Glaciers carved deep scars in these rocks in Ohio.
冰川在俄亥俄州这些岩石上刻出深厚的伤疤.
As glaciers reach the ocean, they crumble and slide into the water.
当冰川到达海洋时,它们会崩塌并滑入水中.
Sometimes, big chunks of ice fall into the sea.
有时,大块冰会掉入大海.
The broken-off pieces are called icebergs.
被打碎的碎片称为"冰山".
Some icebergs in the Antarctic Ocean are nearly 80 kilometers (50 mi) long.
南极大洋中的一些冰山有近80公里(50米)长.
Some glaciers scrape off entire mountainsides.
一些冰川刮出整个山脉。
Valley glaciers carve deep U-shaped valleys with steep cliffs.
谷地冰川以陡峭的悬崖雕刻出深为U形的山谷.
When a glacier flows below the snow line, the bottom melts, forming a river.
当一冰川在雪线下流动时,底部会融化,形成一条河流.
Some glaciers carve valleys that reach all the way to the sea.
一些冰川会雕刻出谷地 一直延伸到大海
Seawater fills these valleys, creating fjords (fee-YORDS).
海水充满了这些山谷,形成了峡湾(fee-YORDS).
Continental glaciers flatten the land.
大陆冰川平地.
Icebergs break off a glacier and fall into the sea.
冰山从冰川中断裂而入大海.
Fjords have very steep sides.
峡湾的侧面非常陡峭.
Conclusion Glaciers are one of many things that give the Earth its beautiful and interesting shapes.
结论 冰川是赋予地球美丽而有趣的形状的许多事物之一.
In the past 100 years, many glaciers have receded.
在过去100年中,许多冰川已经消退.
The Earth’s temperature may be getting warmer.
地球温度可能会变暖。
Scientists are watching glaciers to see how they are affected by temperature changes.
科学家们正在观察冰川,看看它们如何受到温度变化的影响.
They can learn a lot about our planet from these enormous rivers of ice.
他们可以从这些巨大的冰河中了解我们星球。
When Glaciers Melt Some glaciers melt, or recede (ree-SEED), and eventually disappear.
当冰川融化时 一些冰川融化了,或者退去(ree-SEED),最终消失.
Glaciers recede when the weather gets warmer or less snow falls.
冰川在天气变暖或降下更小的雪后消退.
Receding glaciers leave their moraines behind as long ridges of rocks and soil.
不断消退的冰川留下了它们的摩雷因,就像岩石和土壤的长脊.
This soil is called till.
这个土壤叫做"直到".
It can be good for growing food.
可为种出出出出出出家出家出家出家出家.
Glaciers may also drop huge boulders when they melt.
冰川融化后也可能会掉出巨大的巨石.
Sometimes glaciers create lakes and ponds when the ice melts on the land.
有时冰川在陆地上冰融化后会形成湖泊和池塘.
These big boulders were left by glaciers.
这些巨石被冰川所留下.
This glacier has receded, leaving its moraine.
冰川消退了 留下了摩雷因
Glossary compressed (adj.)
词汇压缩(adj.)
squeezed tightly together and squashed (p.
紧紧地挤在一起并被挤压(p.
7) continental wide, flat sheets of moving glaciers (n.)
7) 大陆宽,平地的移动冰川平地(n.
ice covering large areas of land (p.
冰覆盖了大片土地(p.
5) crevasse (n.)
5)克勒瓦斯 (n.
a giant crack in a glacier’s ice (p.
冰川冰上的巨大裂缝(p.
10) firn (n.)
10）粒雪（名词）
pebble-sized ice crystals of compressed snow (p.
被压缩出雪的卵石大小冰晶(p.
8) fjords (n.)
8) 峡湾 (n.
deep glacial valleys filled with seawater (p.
由海水填充的深冰川谷(p.
13) icebergs (n.)
13) 冰山 (n.
broken-off pieces of a glacier floating in the sea (p.
浮出海面的冰川碎块(p.
14) moraines (n.)
14)摩雷因 (n.
piles of soil and rocks scraped up by a glacier (p.
被冰川刮起的土壤和岩石堆积(p.
12) prairies (n.)
12) 草原 (n.
wide, flat lands (p.
宽平地 (p.
4) recede (v.)
4)退后(五.
melt away, pull back (p.
融去后取出(p.
15) snow line (n.)
15)雪线 (n.
altitude above which it is cold enough that snow does not melt (p.
其上方的高度已足够寒冷而雪不会融化(p.
6) till (n.)
6) 至 (无)
the soil left behind when a glacier recedes (p.
冰川消退后留下的土壤(p.
15) valley long, narrow rivers of moving ice that form on mountains above the snow line (p.
15) 在雪线上方的山上形成的山谷长而狭窄的行走冰河(p.
5) This map shows the location of glaciers around the world in white.
5)本地图以白色显示世界各地冰川的位置.
glaciers (n.)
冰川(不详)